Learning creative interpretation in the music classroom: the possibilities of the emotional expression method

    Lolita Jolanta Piličiauskaitė Info
    Giedrė Gabnytė Bizevičienė Info
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.22736

Abstract

The article discusses the problems of interpretation of a piece of music and presents a part of an extensive research on 26 filmed lessons, where the emotional expression method is used to reveal innovative possibilities for encouraging creative interpretation. The emotional expression method is used here as a way of stimulating musicality and musical, including interpretative, skills, and self-expression, by expressing the content of a work’s emotional intonations, or the experiences of a “fictional hero”, evoked by the integration with non-musical art forms. In this one alternative empirical experiment we used Emery Schubert and Dorottya Fabian’s taxonomy of expressive features in music performance, which was developed in 2014 and focuses on expressivity in music performance, defines the specificity of interpretations, determines the differences between performances, and allows to identify the style of the various different interpretations. The participants (19 female and 7 male students) were selected for the experiment by means of representative case sampling. The main aims of the 26 experimental lessons were to stimulate the pupil to develop a personal relationship with the piece being performed, its “fictional hero”, to improve the pupil’s interpretation of the piece, and to stimulate the discussion of moral values by asking specific questions focused on the fulfilment of the goals of emotional and ethical education. The results of the study were evaluated by four experts – teachers of different specialisations in the subject of the instrument. The evaluation procedure was based on the review of the experimental filmed lessons and the filling in of templates of evaluation protocols (104 in total) prepared in advance by the researchers. The study revealed the positive impact of emotional expression method on harmonising the music-making process, where traditional teaching makes it challenging to quickly achieve changes in sound quality, dynamics, phrasing, expressiveness, or stylistics; it helped to develop the student’s emotional competence and reduce stage anxiety. However, there were also necessary conditions for the application of emotional expression method: the pupil must have a good knowledge of the text of the piece of music, so that the “technical” difficulties do not interfere with the expression of the experiences of the “fictional hero” used in the method.

Keywords:

creativity, emotional expression method, expressiveness, problems of music interpretation, stage anxiety

How to Cite

Piličiauskaitė, L. J., & Gabnytė Bizevičienė, G. (2025). Learning creative interpretation in the music classroom: the possibilities of the emotional expression method. Creativity Studies, 18(2), 635–649. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.22736

Share

Published in Issue
November 4, 2025
Abstract Views
0

References

Abel, J. L., & Larkin, K. T. (1990). Anticipation of performance among musicians: Physiological arousal, confidence, and state-anxiety. Psychology of Music, 18(2), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735690182006

Assis, de P. (2018). Orpheus Institute series. Logic of experimentation: Reshaping music performance through artistic research. W. Brooks (Series Ed.). Leuven University Press.

Bitinas, B. (1998). Ugdymo tyrimų metodologija. Jošara.

Bonastre, C., Muñoz, E., & Timmers, R. (2017). Conceptions about teaching and learning of expressivity in music among higher education teachers and students. British Journal of Music Education, 34(3), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051716000462

Braza, F., Braza, P., Carreras, M. R., Muñoz, J. M., Sánchez-Martín, J. R., Azurmendi, A., Sorozabal, A., García, A., & Cardas, J. (2007). Behavioral profiles of different types of social status in preschool children: An observational approach. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 35(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.2.195

Brenner, B., & Strand, K. (2013). A case study of teaching musical expression to young performers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429412474826

Ciarrochi, J., & Scott, G. (2006). The link between emotional competence and well-being: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 34(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600583287

Cook, N. (2013). Beyond the score: Music as performance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357406.001.0001

Cook, N. (2007). Performance analysis and Chopin’s Mazurkas. Musicae Scientiae, 11(2), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/102986490701100203

Craske, M. G., & Craig, K. D. (1984). Musical performance anxiety: The three-systems model and self-efficacy theory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22(3), 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(84)90007-X

DeBellis, M. (2005). Music. In B. Gaut & D. McIver Lopes (Eds.), Routledge companions to philosophy. The Routledge companion to aesthetics (pp. 531–544). Routledge.

Desberg, P. (1997). Estrategias para superar la tímídez y el miedo a los demás [Strategies to overcome shyness and fear of others]. Integral.

Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (1999). Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.628

Fabian, D., Timmers, R., & Schubert, E. (Eds.). (2014). Expressiveness in music performance: Empirical approaches across styles and cultures. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659647.001.0001

Friberg, A., & Battel, G. U. (2002). Structural communication. In R. Parncutt & G. E. McPherson (Eds.), The science and psychology of music performance: Creative strategies for teaching and learning (pp. 198–218). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138108.003.0013

Fujimoto, M., & Uesaka, Y. (2024). Autonomous or controlled interpreters? Model of Werktreue internalization for classical musicians. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1401278

Goleman, D. (2001). An EI-Based theory of performance. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations (pp. 27–44). Jossey-Bass.

Heaton, R. (2012). Contemporary performance practice and tradition. Music Performance Research, 5, 96–104.

Hellaby, J. (2009). Reading musical interpretation: Case studies in solo piano performance. Routledge/An AshgateBook.

Hermerén, G. (1995). The full Voic’d quire: Types of interpretations of music. In M. Krausz (Ed.), The interpretation of music: Philosophical essays (pp. 9–32). Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198239581.003.0002

Héroux, I. (2018). Creative processes in the shaping of a musical interpretation: A study of nine professional musicians. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00665

Holmgren, C. (2022). Empowering piano students of Western classical music: Challenging teaching and learning of musical interpretation in higher education. Music Education Research, 24(5), 574–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2022.2101632

Holmgren, C. (2020). The conditions for learning musical interpretation in one-to-one piano tuition in higher music education. Nordic Research in Music Education, 1(1), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.23865/nrme.v1.2635

Izard, C. E. (1971). Century psychology series. The face of emotion. Appleton Century Crofts.

Juslin, P. N. (2003). Five facets of musical expression: A psychologist’s perspective on music performance. Psychology of Music, 31(3), 273–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356030313003

Juslin, P. N., & Persson, R. S. (2002). Emotional communication. In R. Parncutt & G. E. McPherson (Eds.), The science and psychology of music performance: Creative strategies for teaching and learning (pp. 219–236). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138108.003.0014

Kenny, D. T., Davis, P., & Oates, J. (2004). Music performance anxiety and occupational stress amongst opera chorus artists and their relationship with state and trait anxiety and perfectionism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(6), 757–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.004

Kenny, D. T., & Osborne, M. S. (2006). Music performance anxiety: New insights from young musicians. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(2–3), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10053-008-0049-5

Kokotsaki, D., & Davidson, J. W. (2003). Investigating musical performance anxiety among music college singing students: A quantitative analysis. Music Education Research, 5(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800307103

LeBlanc, A., Jin, Y. Ch., Obert, M., & Siivola, C. (1997). Effect of audience on music performance anxiety. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45(3), 480–496. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345541

Lehmann, A. C., Sloboda, J. A., & Woody, R. H. (2007). Psychology for musicians: Understanding and acquiring the skills. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146103.001.0001

Lindström, E., Juslin, P. N., Bresin, R., & Williamon, A. (2003). “Expressivity comes from within your soul”: A questionnaire study of music students’ perspectives on expressivity. Research Studies in Music Education, 20(1), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X030200010201

Machfauzia, A. N., Sayuti, S. A., & Djohan, D. (2018). Musical interpretation: Case study in musical instrument practice learning vocational high school. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 8(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v8i2.19875

Malinauskaitė, A. (2011). Efektyvus socialinių ir emocinių kompetencijų skatinimo būdas vaikų darželyje – prevencinė programa „Lubo iš kosmoso“. Socialinis darbas: patirtis ir metodai, 8(2), 73–88.

McCarthy, M. (2000). “Music matters”: A philosophical foundation for a sociology of music education. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 144, 3–9.

McCormick, J., & McPherson, G. (2003). The role of self-efficacy in a musical performance examination: An exploratory structural equation analysis. Psychology of Music, 31(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735603031001322

McPherson, G. E., & McCormick, J. (2006). Self-efficacy and music performance. Psychology of Music, 34(3), 322–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735606064841

Meissner, H., & Timmers, R. (2019). Teaching young musicians expressive performance: An experimental study. Music Education Research, 21(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2018.1465031

Mor, Sh., Day, H. I., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (1995). Perfectionism, control, and components of performance anxiety in professional artists. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229695

Navickaitė-Martinelli, L. (2014). Acta semiotica fennica approaches to musical semiotics. Piano performance in a semiotic key: Society, musical canon and novel discourses. E. Tarasti (Series Ed.). The Semiotic Society of Finland. https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/f1f7c18b-2c2e-4119-8c24-e2615fb80249/content

Navickienė, L. J. (2000). Emocinio imitavimo metodo taikymas ugdant moksleivių muzikinę kultūrą [Doctoral/PhD Thesis, Vilnius Pedagogical University]. Lithuania [unpublished source].

Nusseck, M., & Wanderley, M. M. (2009). Music and motion: How music-related ancillary body movements contribute to the experience of music. Music Perception, 26(4), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2009.26.4.335

Paliaukienė, V., & Kairys, A. (2012). Muzikos atlikimo patirties ir lyties sąsajos su atlikimo nerimu. Lietuvos muzikologija, 3, 22–38.

Piličiauskaitė, L. J. (2021). Auklėjimo ir mokymo sinergija Emocinio imitavimo metodo taikymo kontekste: pedagogo praktinės patirties aspektas. Lietuvos muzikos ir teatro akademija.

Palmer, C. (1997). Music performance. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 115–138. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.115

Papageorgi, I., Hallam, S., & Welch, G. F. (2007). A conceptual framework for understanding musical performance anxiety. Research Studies in Music Education, 28(1), 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X070280010207

Parasuraman, S., & Purohit, Y. S. (2000). Distress and boredom among orchestra musicians: The two faces of stress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.74

Persson, R. S. (2001). The subjective world of the performer. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Series in affective science. Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 275–290). R. J. Davidson, P. Ekman, & K. R. Scherer (Series Eds.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192631886.003.0012

Poli, de G. (2004). Methodologies for expressiveness modelling of and for music performance. Journal of New Music Research, 33(3), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/0929821042000317796

Rae, G., & McCambridge, K. (2004). Correlates of performance anxiety in practical music exams. Psychology of Music, 32(4), 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735604046100

Schubert, E., & Fabian, D. (2014). A taxonomy of listeners’ judgements of expressiveness in music performance. In D. Fabian, R. Timmers, & E. Schubert (Eds.), Expressiveness in music performance: Empirical approaches across styles and cultures (pp. 283–303). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659647.003.0016

Silverman, M. (2008). A performer’s creative processes: Implications for teaching and learning musical interpretation. Music Education Research, 10(2), 249–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800802079114

Sloboda, J. (2005). Exploring the musical mind: Cognition, emotion, ability, function. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530121.001.0001

Stoeber, J., & Eismann, U. (2007). Perfectionism in young musicians: Relations with motivation, effort, achievement, and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8), 2182–2192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.036

Suslavičius, A. (2006). Socialinė psichologija: vadovėlis aukštųjų mokyklų studentams ir ne tik jiems. Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

Turna, J., Zhang, J., Lamberti, N., Patterson, B., Simpson, W., Francisco, A. P., Goldman Bergmann, C., & Ameringen, van M. (2021). Anxiety, depression and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.059

Zijl, van A. G. W., & Sloboda, J. (2010). Performers’ experienced emotions in the construction of expressive musical performance: An exploratory investigation. Psychology of Music, 39(2), 196–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735610373563

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2025-11-04

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Piličiauskaitė, L. J., & Gabnytė Bizevičienė, G. (2025). Learning creative interpretation in the music classroom: the possibilities of the emotional expression method. Creativity Studies, 18(2), 635–649. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.22736

Share