The creativity of the resistance after the 2020 Belarusian presidential election

    Paulina Codogni Info
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.20701

Abstract

The protests that followed the 2020 Belarusian presidential election marked an unprecedented display of creativity as a tool of resistance. This study introduces the theoretical model of creative resistance as a civic awakening, demonstrating how creativity in 2020–2021 Belarusian protests operate on two levels: as 1) symbolic resistance to oppressive regimes and as 2) a mechanism for cultural renewal. In the Belarusian case, acts such as the reclamation of historical symbols, the leadership of women, and the innovative use of art and humour went beyond political defiance. They catalyzed a process of cultural rebirth, reasserting suppressed national identity and collective memory. This model offers a framework to analyze how creativity in social movements can challenge authoritarianism while reshaping national identities. The study provides insights relevant to broader discussions of political resistance, highlighting the dual role of creativity as both a tool for opposition and a vehicle for cultural regeneration.

Keywords:

2020 Belarusian presidential election, Alexander Lukashenko, Belarus, civil resistance, creativity, protest, symbols of protest

How to Cite

Codogni, P. (2025). The creativity of the resistance after the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. Creativity Studies, 18(2), 601–619. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.20701

Share

Published in Issue
October 21, 2025
Abstract Views
0

References

Arendt, H. (1998). The human condition. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226924571.001.0001

Aristotle. (1996). Penguin classics. Poetics. Penguin Books.

Bedford, S. (2021). The 2020 presidential election in Belarus: Erosion of authoritarian stability and re-politicization of society. Nationalities Papers, 49(5), 808–819. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2021.33

Bekus, N. (2021a). Echo of 1989? Protest imaginaries and identity dilemmas in Belarus. Slavic Review, 80(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.25

Bekus, N. (2021b). Historical memory and symbolism in the Belarusian protests. Cultures of History Forum. https://www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de/politics/historical-memory-and-symbolism-in-the-belarusian-protests#part3#part1

Bekus, N. (2023). Reassembling society in a nation-state: History, language, and identity discourses of Belarus. Nationalities Papers, 51(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2022.60

Bekus, N., & Gabowitsch, M. (2023). Introduction to the special issue on protest and authoritarian reaction in Belarus: New subjectivities and beyond. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 56(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1525/cpcs.2023.1990934

Baltic News Service. (2020). Lithuania plans human chain from Vilnius to Belarusian Border to show solidarity. LRT.lt: English. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1210622/lithuania-plans-human-chain-from-vilnius-to-belarusian-border-to-show-solidarity

Borisionok, A. (2020). Arresting images, arrested bodies. L’Internationale Online. https://archive-2014-2024.internationaleonline.org/opinions/1050_arresting_images_arrested_bodies/

Castoriadis, C. (1987). The imaginary institution of society. The MIT Press.

Chodownik, M., & Marques, O. (2021). The essence of Belarusian solidarity. New Eastern Europe, 5. https://neweasterneurope.eu/2021/09/12/the-essence-of-belarusian-solidarity/

Chrysalismagazine [@chrysalismagazine]. (2020a, November 8). Novyy performans belarusskoy hudozhnicy Ul’jany Nevzorovoiy [New performance by Belarusian artist Ulyana Nevzorova] [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CHVfBqQn_K3/

Chrysalismagazine [@chrysalismagazine]. (2020b). P’yerformansy belarus’skaya khudozhnitsa Ul’yany Nezoravay [Performances by Belarusian artist Ulyana Nezorava] [Photograph]. Instagram.

Chrysalismagazine [@chrysalismagazine]. (2021, February 20). Prodolzhenie akcii solidarnosti s zhurnalistkoy Ekaterinoy Borisevich i vrachom Artemom Sorokinym [Continuation of the solidarity action with journalist Ekaterina Borisevich and doctor Artem Sorokin] [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CLhmmYBHgi8/

Gabowitsch, M. (2021). Belarusian protest: Regimes of engagement and coordination. Slavic Review, 80(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.28

Gapova, E. (2021). Class, agency, and citizenship in Belarusian protest. Slavic Review, 80(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.21

Gaufman, E. (2021). The gendered iconography of the Belarus protest. New Perspectives, 29(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X20984334

Greene, S. A. (2022). You are what you read: Media, identity, and community in the 2020 Belarusian uprising. Post-Soviet Affairs, 38(1–2), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2022.2031843

Hrodna Life. (2020). “Simval novaj čystaj Bielarusi”. Niaviesty ŭ biel-čyrvona-bielych sukienkach vyjšli na akcyju ŭ Hrodnie [“A symbol of a new, clean Belarus.” Brides in white-red-white dresses took to the streets in Grodno]. https://hrodna.life/2020/09/18/nevesty/

International Partnership for Human Rights; Truth Hounds; Civic Solidarity. (2020). Belarus on hold: Crackdown on post-election protests. Findings of fact-finding mission to Belarus. https://www.iphronline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Belarus-report-field-mission-protests-final-1.pdf

Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2010). The Cambridge handbook of creativity. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763205

Kazharski, A. (2021). Belarus’ new political nation? 2020 anti-authoritarian protests as identity building. New Perspectives, 29(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X20984340

Koran, G. (2023). Telegram in Belarusian protests of 2020: Affective tool for populist’s uprisings. Digital Icons: Studies in Russian, Eurasian and Central European New Media, 22(1), 65–81.

Korsun, V. (2021). Art as a form of protest. In A. Wilkens (Ed.), Common Ground: Europe day 2021 (pp. 130–136). European Cultural Foundation.

Kovtiak, E. (2022). Belarusian artivism: How and why art and activism merged in the Belarusian protests of 2020. Mezosfera.org. http://mezosfera.org/belarusian-artivism-how-and-why-art-and-activism-merged-in-the-belarusian-protests-of-2020/

Koziura, K., & Bystryk, A. (2020). Strategies of protests from Belarus: Dignity, solidarity, and the reclaim of public space. PS. https://publicseminar.org/essays/strategies-of-protests-from-belarus/

Lacan, J. (2006). Écrits. W. W. Norton & Company.

Laender-analysen.de. (2013). Alternativkultur. Belarus-Analysen, 12. https://laender-analysen.de/belarus-analysen/12/belarusanalysen12.pdf

Laender-analysen.de. (2018). Nationalgedanke, Erinnerungskultur und Geschichtspolitik [National idea, culture of remembrance and history policy]. Belarus-Analysen, 37. https://laender-analysen.de/belarus-analysen/37/belarusanalysen37.pdf

Lane, D. (2009). ‘Coloured Revolution’ as a Political Phenomenon. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 25(2–3), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270902860295

Malerius, S. (2021). Repressions reveal the ruthlessness of the Lukashenka Regime. New Eastern Europe, 5. https://neweasterneurope.eu/2021/09/12/repressions-reveal-the-ruthlessness-of-the-lukashenka-regime/

Muziey sciahoŭ. (2025). Chat. https://flags.dze.chat/

Navumau, V., & Matveieva, O. (2021). The gender dimension of the 2020 Belarusian protest: Does female engagement contribute to the establishment of gender equality? New Perspectives, 29(3), 230–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X211029126

Norris, S. M. (2021). History, memory, and the art of protest in Belarus. Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. https://origins.osu.edu/article/history-memory-and-art-protest-belarus

Onuch, O., & Sasse, G. (2023). The dynamics of mass mobilization in Belarus. Nationalities Papers, 51(4), 736–743. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.22

Onuch, O., & Sasse, G. (Eds.). (2022). Understanding the 2020 mass mobilization in Belarus. Post-Soviet Affairs, 38(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2022.2042138

Onuch, O., Sasse, G., & Michiels, S. (2023). Flowers, tractors, and Telegram: Who are the protesters in Belarus? A survey based assessment of Anti-Lukashenka protest participants. Nationalities Papers, 51(4), 744–769. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2022.115

Paulovich, N. (2021). How feminist Is the Belarusian revolution? Female agency and participation in the 2020 post-election protests. Slavic Review, 80(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.22

Potarskaya, N., & Solomatina, I. (2020). U protesta ne zhenskoye litso. Interv’yu s Irinoy Solomatinoy o belorusskikh protestakh [The protest does not have a female face. Interview with Irina Solomatina about Belarusian protests]. Commons. https://commons.com.ua/ru/u-protesta-ne-zhenskoe-lico-intervyu-s-irinoj-solomatinoj-o-belorusskih-protestah/?fbclid=IwAR1q1SWZt5cwDP_DPJuAgNJx3p0KHJpcDTS7f7Kn1JA05LtchHgOwFzCA80%20

Ricoeur, P. (1973). Creativity in language: Word, polysemy, metaphor. Philosophy Today, 17(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday197317231

Ricoeur, P. (2024). Lectures on imagination. G. H. Taylor, R. D. Sweeney, J.-L. Amalric, & P. F. Crosby (Eds.). The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226820545.001.0001

Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity. Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier/Academic Press.

Solomatina, I., & Fein, L. (2020). Women and feminism in Belarus: The truth behind the “Flower Power”. FiLiA. https://www.filia.org.uk/latest-news/2020/9/21/women-and-feminism-in-belarus-the-truth-behind-the-flower-power

Strategic Comments. (2021). The protest movement in Belarus: Resistance and repression. Strategic Comments, 27(2), i–iii. https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2021.1911136

Sudak, A. (2020). Aktsiya “Moya kamera”, marsh protiv nasiliya i veloprobeg solidarnosti proshli v Minske 22 avgusta. Fotoreportazh [The “My Camera” campaign, a march against violence and a solidarity bike ride took place in Minsk on August 22. Photo report]. Tsenzor.net. https://censor.net/ru/photonews/3215391/aktsiya_moya_kamera_marsh_protiv_nasiliya_i_veloprobeg_solidarnosti_proshli_v_minske_22_avgusta_fotoreportaj

Turp-Balazs, C. (2021). Impunity for perpetrators of torture in Belarus reinforces need for international justice. Emerging Europe. https://emerging-europe.com/analysis/impunity-for-perpetrators-of-torture-in-belarus-reinforces-need-for-international-justice/

Valynets, H. (2021). Free Choir: How musicians banded together to defy dictatorship in Belarus. In A. Wilkens (Ed.), Common ground: Europe day 2021 (pp. 121–129). European Cultural Foundation.

Vasilevich, H. (2020). Belarusian National identity: What did the 2020 protests demonstrate? Regard sur l’Est. https://regard-est.com/belarusian-national-identity-what-did-the-2020-protests-demonstrate

Way, L., & Tolvin, A. (2023). Why the 2020 Belarusian protests failed to Oust Lukashenka. Nationalities Papers, 51(4), 787–802. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.6

Zaicava, I. (2020). “Ściahi adbirajuć, dyk ya sama vyrašyla stać ściaham”. Chto takaya niaviesta z pratestaŭ. Videa [The flags are being taken away, so I decided to become the flag myself.” Who is the bride from the protests? Video]. Radiyo svaboda. https://www.svaboda.org/a/30857994.html

Zaiets, K., & Borresen, J. (2020). What is happening in Belarus? We explain the historic pro-democracy protests. USA Today. https://eu.usatoday.com/

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2025-10-21

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Codogni, P. (2025). The creativity of the resistance after the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. Creativity Studies, 18(2), 601–619. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2025.20701

Share