Soil heavy metal contamination in rural land consolidation areas in the Yangtze River Delta, China
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1346512Abstract
Due to the rapid urbanization of the Yangtze River Delta in China, large numbers of formerly rural residents have migrated to the cities. To adjust the structure of rural land use, the government has performed extensive land consolidation. Previous studies indicated that the land consolidation has affected farmland quality to some extent. However, the effect of the land consolidation on farmland heavy metal concentrations has rarely been reported. In this study, the Jintan District was used as an example, and 40 sampling sites of various consolidation types in 4 representative areas of rural land consolidation were selected. Soil samples were collected from these sites, and the heavy metal concentrations were analyzed. We used multivariate methods of correlation analysis and principal component analysis to study the conditions and sources of the heavy metal contamination in the soil. The results indicate that the mean concentrations of Cd, Hg, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the soil all exceeded the background values. The mean concentration of Cd was 0.409 mg/kg, and the enrichment factor (EF) was 4.54, making Cd the most prevalent heavy metal soil contaminant in the study area. The enrichment of soil heavy metals varied among the various representative areas. Suburban areas surrounding the central cities were mainly enriched in Hg, with an EF of 6.20. The comprehensive development zone displayed enrichment in Cd, with an EF of 7.79. The heavy metal concentrations in the soil also differed depending on the type of land consolidation. The reclaimed soil of rural settlements contained high levels of Cd and Zn, with EFs of 7.25 and 2.52, respectively, which were related to the land use before the land consolidation. The soil heavy metals of the study area were affected by both human activity and natural background contamination.
Keywords:
enrichment factor, land consolidation, potential ecology risk, reclamation of rural settlements, soil heavy metal, Yangtze River DeltaHow to Cite
Zeng, J., Zhou, S., Lv, L., Su, Q., & Wang, J. (2018). Soil heavy metal contamination in rural land consolidation areas in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 26(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1346512
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Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
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Ha, H.; Olson, J. R.; Bian, L.; Rogerson, P. A. 2014. Analysis of heavy metal sources in soil using Kriging interpolation on principal components, Environmental Science & Technology 48: 4999–5007. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1021/es405083f"> https://doi.org/10.1021/es405083f</a>
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Insam, H.; Domsch, K. H. 1988. Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequences of reclamation sites, Microbial Ecology 15: 177–188. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02011711"> https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02011711</a>
Ji, C.; Zahra, D. N.; Myung, C. J. 2017. Arsenic and heavy metals in paddy soil and polished rice contaminated by mining activities in Korea, Catena 148: 92–100. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.01.005"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.01.005</a>
Jiang, J.-Z.; Hao, J.-M.; Wu, Y.; David, G. S.; Duan, L.; Tian, H. Z. 2005. Development of mercury emission inventory from coal combustion in China, Environmental Science 2: 34–39 (in Chinese).
Kelepertzis, E. 2014. Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean: Insights from Argolida basin, Peloponnese, Greece, Geoderma 221–222: 82–90. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.01.007"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.01.007</a>
Kowalska, J.; Mazurek, R.; Gasiorek, M.; Setlak, M.; Zaleski, T.; Waroszewski, J. 2016. Soil pollution indices conditioned by medieval metallurgical activity e a case study from Krakow (Poland), Environmental Pollution 218: 1023–1036. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.053"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.053</a>
Li, Y.; Gou, X.; Wang, G.; Zhang, Q.; Su, Q. 2008. Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province, China, Journal of Environmental Sciences 20: 607–612. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62101-4"> https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62101-4</a>
Liao, Q.-L.; Evans, L. J.; Gu, X.; Fan, D.-F.; Jin, Y.; Wang, H. 2011. Geochemical baseline values of elements in soil of Jiangsu Province, Geology China 38: 1363–1378 (in Chinese).
Liu, S. L.; Dong, Y. H.; Li, D.; Liu, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhang, X. L. 2013. Effects of different Terrace protection measures in a sloping land consolidation project targeting soil erosion at the slope scale, Ecological Engineering 53: 46–53. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.001"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.001</a>
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Mace, J. E.; Amrhein, C. 2001. Leaching and reclamation of a soil irrigated with moderate SAR waters, Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 199–204. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.651199x"> https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.651199x</a>
Mazurek, R.; Kowalska, J.; Gasiorek, M.; Zadrozny, P.; Jozefowska, A.; Zaleski, T.; Kepka, W.; Tymczuk, M.; Orłowska, K. 2016. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface layers of Roztocze National Park forest soils (SE Poland) by indices of pollution, Chemosphere 1–12 (in press).
Mukhopadhyay, S.; Maiti, S. K.; Masto, R. E. 2014. Development of mine soil quality index (MSQI) for evaluation of reclamation success: a chronosequence study, Ecological Engineering 71: 10–20. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.001"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.001</a>
Pereira, J. C.; Azevedo, J. C.; Knapik, H. G.; Burrows, H. D. 2016. Unsupervised component analysis: PCA, POA and ICA data exploring – connecting the dots, Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular & Biomolecular Spectroscopy 165: 69–84. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.03.048"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.03.048</a>
Pouyat, R. V.; Yesilonis, I. D.; Russell-Anelli, J.; Neerchal, N. K. 2007. Soil chemical and physical properties that differentiate urban land-use and cover types, Soil Science Society of America Journal 71: 1010–1019. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0164"> https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0164</a>
Ratha, D. S.; Sahu, B. K. 1993. Source and distribution of metals in urban soil of Bombay, India, using multivariate statistical techniques, Environmental Geology 22: 276–285. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00767413"> https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00767413</a>
Shao, D.; Zhan, Y.; Zhou, W.; Zhu, L. 2016. Current status and temporal trend of heavy metals in farmland soil of the Yangtze River Delta Region: Field survey and meta-analysis, Environmental Pollution 219: 329–336. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.023"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.023</a>
Sheoran, V.; Sheoran, A.; Poonia, P. 2010. Soil reclamation of abandoned mine land by revegetation: a review, International Journal of Soil Sediment & Water 3: 13.
Tang, Y.; Mason, R. J.; Wang, Y. 2015. Governments’ functions in the process of integrated consolidation and allocation of rural–urban construction land in China, Journal of Rural Studies 42: 43–51. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.09.010"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.09.010</a>
Uyan, M. 2016. Determination of agricultural soil index using geostatistical analysis and GIS on land consolidation projects: a case study in Konya/Turkey, Computers & Electronics in Agriculture 123: 402–409. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.03.019"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.03.019</a>
Wang, L.; Coles, A. N.; Wu, C.; Wu, P. 2014. Spatial variability of heavy metals in the coastal soils under long-term reclamation, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 151: 310–317. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.07.001"> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.07.001</a>
Wang, X. J. 2008. Kriging and heavy metal pollution assessment in wastewater irrigated agricultural soil of Beijing’s eastern farming regions, Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 33(6): 1057–1073. <a target="_blank" href= "https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529809376776"> https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529809376776</a>
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2018-03-20
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Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
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Zeng, J., Zhou, S., Lv, L., Su, Q., & Wang, J. (2018). Soil heavy metal contamination in rural land consolidation areas in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 26(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1346512