Engagement and flow in the job satisfaction of volunteers at a non-governmental organization (NGO) in Peru
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2025.22174Abstract
The objective was to analyze how engagement and the state of flow influence the job satisfaction of volunteers. The design was non-experimental, cross-sectional, and the sample consisted of 1023 volunteers, selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Validated questionnaires were used: a) the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli et al., 2003); b) the Flow Experience Scale (Bakker, 2008); and c) the Job Satisfaction Scale SL-20/23 (Meliá & Peiró, 1998). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Data were collected and processed using SPSS, AMOS, and SEM. Both flow (0.703) and engagement (0.557) have a significant influence on the job satisfaction of volunteers, with both factors being relevant for improving job satisfaction. The state of flow is a stronger predictor than engagement. It is concluded that there is a significant and positive influence of engagement and flow on the job satisfaction of volunteers. The study of these topics confirms the importance of fostering engagement and flow among volunteers to enhance their job satisfaction.
Keywords:
engagement, state of flow, job satisfaction, volunteering, non-governmental organizationsHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abner, G., Alam, A., & Cho, H. (2023). What is necessary for high employee engagement and satisfaction? A look at the best places to work in the Federal Government Index. Public Administration Review, 83(4), 974–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13576
Adams, S. (1963). Wage inequities, productivity and work quality. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 3(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1963.tb00805.x
Agmapisarn, C., & Khetjenkarn, S. (2024). Investigating the impact of resilience on job satisfaction and work engagement, and the moderating role of hotel employees’ work experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(3), 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2024.2335130
Aguilar Ham, P., Beltrán Godoy, J. H., & Gaxiola Laso, S. R. (2024). Autoeficacia financiera, bienestar financiero y satisfacción laboral de los empleados del sector metalmecánico en Chihuahua, México [Financial self-efficacy, financial well-being, and job satisfaction of employees in the metal-mechanic sector in Chihuahua, Mexico]. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 29(106), 491–510. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.29.106.3
Arias, B., Boni, A., Ortega, L., & Rosado, I. (2015). El voluntariado transforma si sabemos cómo [Volunteering transforms if we know how]. https://ongawa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ONGAWA_El-voluntariado-transforma1.pdf
Arifin, S. (2024). The role of job satisfaction in mediating employee engagement on employee performance. International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities, 5(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.47505/IJRSS.2024.4.1
Arulsenthilkumar, S., & Punitha, N. (2023). Mediating role of employee engagement: Job involvement, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Management and Labour Studies, 49(2), 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X231202632
Bakker, A. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.007
Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2013). La teoría de las demandas y los recursos laborales [Job demands-resources model]. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2013a16
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., Sanz-Vergel, A., & Rodríguez-Muñoz, A. (2023). La Teoría de las Demandas y Recursos Laborales: Nuevos Desarrollos en la Ultima Década [Job demands-resources theory: New developments over the last decade]. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 39(3), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2023a17
Baran, M., & Sypniewska, B. (2020). The impact of management methods on employee engagement. Sustainability, 12(1), Article 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010426
Bellini, D., Barbieri, B., Barattucci, M., Mascia, M. L., & Ramaci, T. (2022). The role of a restorative resource in the academic context in improving intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and flow within the job demands–resources model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), Article 15263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215263
Berger, S., Hanrahan, J., Bizarro, A., & Henning, R. (2018). First impressions, team satisfaction and work-related flow: A multilevel analysis. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 62(1), 782–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621177
Bergström, T., Gunnarsson, G., & Olteanu, C. (2023). The importance of flow for secondary school students’ experiences in geometry. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 54(6), 1067–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2021.1989511
Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (Eds.). (1993). Testing structural equation models (Vol. 154). Sage Publications, Inc.
Brol, S., & Dyga, R. (2021). Self-affinity approach for the determination of flow regime in pipelines. Measurement, 168, Article 108452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108452
Budilestari, I., Sundjot, S., & Rahayu, S. (2024). The effect of workload and employee engagement on job satisfaction at the inspectorate of East Java Province. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 5(1), 2743–2750. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0124.0305
Callero, P. L. (1994). From role-playing to role-using: Understanding role as resource. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(3), 228–243. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786878
Carrillo, S., & Escudero, D., L. (2025). La resiliencia organizacional y su impacto en la calidad de vida de los colaboradores: Modelo de las organizaciones saludables y resilientes (HERO) [Organizational resilience and its impact on employees’ quality of life: The Healthy and Resilient Organizations (HERO) Model]. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(6), 6374–6396. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i6.15327
Cepal. (2023). Estudio económico de América Latina y el Caribe, 2023 [Economic survey of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2023]. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/67989-estudio-economico-america-latina-caribe-2023-financiamiento-transicion?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., & Nilan, M. (2000). Exploring web users’ optimal flow experiences. Information Technology & People, 13(4), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/09593840010359473
Chin, M., & Kales, S. (2019). Is there an optimal autonomic state for enhanced flow and executive task performance? Frontiers in Psychology, 10(JULY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01716
Comrey, A., L. (1985). Manual de análisis factorial [Manual of factor análisis]. Quaderns de psicologia. International Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 151–152. https://raco.cat/index.php/QuadernsPsicologia/article/view/195920
Corbin, J. H., Mittelmark, M. B., & Lie, G. T. (2016). Grassroots volunteers in context: Rewarding and adverse experiences of local women working on HIV and AIDS in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Global Health Promotion, 23(3), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975915569514
Cordobés, M., Carreras, I., & Sureda, M. (2018). ONG del conocimiento: influir para el impacto social [Knowledge-based NGOs: Influencing for social impact]. https://www.pwc.es/es/publicaciones/economia-social/assets/ong-conocimiento-pwc.pdf
Córdova, B. E. C., Bravo, J. V. R., & Pezo, C. E. B. (2025). Rotación Laboral: Diseño de una Propuesta de Mejora Orientado a la Retención del Personal [Job Rotation: Designing an Improvement Proposal Aimed at Staff Retention]. Ciencia Latina. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(6), 5255–5277. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i6.15245
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224927532_Flow_The_Psychology_of_Optimal_Experience
Cueto, B. A. L., Ramos, G. D. P. S., Labajos, F. A. N., Romero, R. A. M., & Mendoza, I. M. C. (2024). Satisfacción laboral y engagement en colaboradores de empresas comerciales de Lima, Perú [Job satisfaction and engagement among employees of commercial companies in Lima, Peru]. Interciencia: Revista de ciencia y tecnología de América, 49(3), 158–165.
Dal Corso, L., Carluccio, F., Buonomo, I., Benevene, P., Vecina, M. L., & West, M. (2019). “I that is we, we that is I”: The mediating role of work engagement between key leadership behaviors and volunteer satisfaction. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(4), 561–572.
Dávila Morán, R. C., Agüero Corzo, E. C., Castro Llaja, L., & Vargas Murillo, A. R. (2022). Productividad laboral y el teletrabajo en el sector público durante el período de emergencia nacional [Labor productivity and teleworking in the public sector during the national emergency period]. Revista Universidad y Sociedad, 14(2), 402–409. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/rus/v14n2/2218-3620-rus-14-02-402.pdf
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
Deci, E., Olafsen, A., & Ryan, R. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108
Deterding, S., & Cutting, J. (2023). Objective difficulty-skill balance impacts perceived balance but not behaviour: A test of flow and self-determination theory predictions. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7, Article 419. https://doi.org/10.1145/3611065
Dorta-Afonso, D., Romero-Domínguez, L., & Benítez-Núñez, C. (2023). It’s worth it! High performance work systems for employee job satisfaction: The mediational role of burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 108, Article 103364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103364
Drnovšek, M., Slavec, A., & Aleksić, D. (2024). “I want it all”: exploring the relationship between entrepreneurs’ satisfaction with work–life balance, well-being, flow and firm growth. Review of Managerial Science, 18(3), 799–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00623-2
Ellis, G., Skrocki, A., Goebel, D., Janes, K., Locke, D., Catalan, E., & Zanolini, W. (2024). Youth development travel programs: Facilitating engagement, deep experience, and “sparks” through self-relevance and stories. Journal of Leisure Research, 55(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2295856
Farina, L., Rodrigues, G., & Hutz, C. (2018). Flow and engagement at work: A literature review. Psico-USF, 23(4), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230404
Farina, L., Rodrigues, G., Fagundes, N., Carafini, T., Moreira, L., de Lara, W., & Hutz, C. (2020). Flow and engagement at work: Associations with personal resources and work environment. Avaliacao Psicologica, 18(4), 362–371.
Fatoki, O. (2023). Participative leadership and employee job satisfaction: The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and work engagement. Foundations of Management, 15(1), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0012
Gerpott, F., Rivkin, W., & Unger, D. (2022). Stop and go, where is my flow? How and when daily aversive morning commutes are negatively related to employees’ motivational states and behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000899
Gil-Monte, P. (2007). El síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (burnout) como fenómeno transcultural [Burnout syndrome as a cross-cultural phenomenon]. Informacion Psicológica, 91(92), 4–11. https://www.informaciopsicologica.info/revista/article/view/259
Gkliati, A., & Saiti, A. (2022). Work engagement and job satisfaction in the medical sector. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S6), 7753–7761. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS6.11070
González, R. (2024). Sports volunteers around the Globe. Revista de Estudios Socioeducativos, 15(12), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02354-6
Gürbüz, S., Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Brouwers, E. (2023). Sustainable employability and work engagement: A three-wave study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188728
Habe, K., & Tement, S. (2016). Flow among higher education teachers: A job demands-resources perspective. Psiholoska Obzorja, 25, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.20419/2016.25.442
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis multivariante [Multivariate data analysis]. Prentice Hall.
Hernández, R., & Mendoza, C. (2018). Metodología de la investigación. Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta [Research methodology: The quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods paths]. McGraw Hill. https://doi.org/10.17993/CcyLl.2018.15
Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man (World Pub). WorldCat. https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/Work-and-the-nature-of-man/oclc/243610
Hinojosa-López, J. (2022). The mediating role of job satisfaction between quality in work factors and work engagement. RAE Revista de Administracao de Empresas, 62(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020220410x
International Labour Organization. (2023). Statistics on volunteer work. ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/volunteer-work/
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kam, H., Menard, P., Ormond, D., & Crossler, R. (2020). Cultivating cybersecurity learning: An integration of self-determination and flow. Computers and Security, 96, Article 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2020.101875
Kammerhoff, J., Lauenstein, O., & Schütz, A. (2019). Tuning into performance and satisfaction in nonprofit orchestras: One link between transformational leadership and satisfaction is through reduction in conflict. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 30(2), 321–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21381
Karaferis, D., Aletras, V., Raikou, M., & Niakas, D. (2022). Factors influencing motivation and work engagement of healthcare professionals. Materia Socio Medica, 34(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2022.34.216-224
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379694768_Methodology_in_the_Social_Sciences_Rex_B_Kline_-_Principles_and_Practice_of_Structural_Equation_Modeling-The_Guilford_Press_2023
Klos, M., & Lemos, V. (2019). Motivaciones para el voluntariado: consideraciones teóricas y una propuesta de operacionalización [Motivations for volunteering: Theoretical considerations and a proposal for operationalization]. Pensando Psicología, 15(25), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.16925/2382-3984.2019.01.04
Kronfle, A. S. (2022). Conducta prosocial en los colaboradores de la misión las Manuelas Zona 8, año 2020 [Prosocial behavior among Las Manuelas Mission employees in Zone 8, 2020]. Compendium: Cuadernos de Economía y Administración, 9(1), Article 83. https://doi.org/10.46677/compendium.v9i1.1039
Lavoie, R., & Main, K. (2022). Optimizing product trials by eliciting flow states: The enabling roles of curiosity, openness and information valence. European Journal of Marketing, 56(13), 50–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-05-2019-0415
Lavrijsen, J., Camerman, E., Kuppens, P., & Verschueren, K. (2025). Who likes the going when the going gets tough? Need for cognition moderates associations between class difficulty and students engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000915
Locke, E. (1966). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238742406_The_Nature_and_Causes_of_Job_Satisfaction
López-Cordero, R., & Herrera-Torres, L. (2019). Apoyo comunitario percibido en jóvenes y voluntariado [Perceived community support in youth and volunteers]. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología, 4(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n1.v4.1524
Lovelace, K., Manz, C., & Alves, J. (2007). Work stress and leadership development: The role of self-leadership, shared leadership, physical fitness and flow in managing demands and increasing job control. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 374–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.08.001
Maleka, M. J., Schultz, C. M., van Hoek, L., Paul-Dachapalli, L., & Ragadu, S. C. (2021). Union Membership as a moderator in the relationship between living wage, job satisfaction and employee engagement. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 64(3), 621–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-021-00322-0
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., & Ruokolainen, M. (2007). Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(1), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.09.002
Maunz, L., & Glaser, J. (2024). Longitudinal dynamics of psychological need satisfaction, meaning in work, and burnout. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 150, Article 103971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103971
Mazzetti, G., Robledo, E., Vignoli, M., Topa, G., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W. (2023). Work engagement: A meta-analysis using the job demands-resources model. Psychological Reports, 126(3), 1069–1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211051988
Meliá, J., & Peiró, J. (1998). Cuestionario de satisfacción laboral S20/23 [job satisfaction questionnaire S20/23]. http://www.uv.es/seguridadlaboral
Mendoza-Llanos, R., & Moyano-Díaz, E. (2019). Las variaciones de la satisfacción vital según edad y clima organizacional en trabajadores de la salud [Variations in life satisfaction according to age and organizational climate in health workers]. Revista Gerencia y Políticas de Salud, 18(36). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgsp18-36.vsve
Mérida-López, S., & Extremera, N. (2022). Student aggression against teachers, stress, and emotional intelligence as predictors of withdrawal intentions among secondary school teachers. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 35(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1948020
Miller, C. (2022). Batson on prosocial motivation. Commentary on Batson (2022). Motivation Science, 8(1), 14–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000226
Mills, J. (1967). Comments on Bem’s “Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.” Psychological Review, 74(6), Article 535. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025146
Moneta, G. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64(2), 275–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00512.x
Moura-Díez, P., Nájera-Sánchez, J.-J., Mora-Valentín, E.-M., & Ortiz-de-Urbina-Criado, M. (2016). Cómo influyen las prácticas medioambientales de recursos humanos en el rendimiento ambiental? [How do environmental human resources practices influence environmental performance?]. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 10(3), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v10i3.1184
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The concept of flow. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_16
Noercahyo, U. S., Maarif, M. S., & Sumertajaya, I. M. (2021). The role of employee engagement on job satisfaction and its effect on organizational performance. Journal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(2), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.02.06
Ogbuanya, T. C., & Chukwuedo, S. O. (2017). Job crafting-satisfaction relationship in electrical/electronic technology education programme: Do work engagement and commitment matter? Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 33(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.09.003
Pecina, M. A. G., & Gutiérrez-Ortiz, M. E. (2023). El impacto de la motivación laboral, el ambiente laboral, el liderazgo y la comunicación en la satisfacción laboral de los empleados de una empresa pequeña [The impact of work motivation, work environment, leadership, and communication on the job satisfaction of employees in a small business]. Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política Y Valores. https://doi.org/10.46377/dilemas.v2i10.3524
Peixoto, E., Palma, B., Romano, A., Vieira, T., & Galatti, L. (2024). Passion for work and job satisfaction in sports coaches: The mediating role of flow experiences. International Sport Coaching Journal, 11(1), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2022-0059
Plataforma del Voluntariado de España. (2023). La acción voluntaria 2023: Un despliegue territorial. https://biblioteca.plataformavoluntariado.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/00_general_acc.pdf
Rai, A., & Maheshwari, S. (2020). Exploring the mediating role of work engagement between the linkages of job characteristics with organizational engagement and job satisfaction. Management Research Review, 44(1), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2019-0442
Sak, R., Nas, E., Şahin-Sak, İ. T., Öneren-Şendil, Ç., Tekin-Sitrava, R., Taşkın, N., Kardeş, S., Yayla, A., & Dirik, Y. (2023). Compassion as a source of satisfaction and fear in professionals who work with people. Psychological Reports, 126(2), 946–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211061701
Salanova, M., Bakker, A. B., & Llorens, S. (2006). Flow at work: Evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-8854-8
Salanova, M., Bresó, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2005). Hacia un modelo espiral de las creencias de eficacia en el estudio del “burnout” y del “engagement” [Summary of Toward a spiral model of efficacy beliefs in the study of burnout and engagement]. Ansiedad y Estrés, 11(2), 215–231. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1374171&info=resumen&idioma=ENG
Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W., Llorens, S., Peiro, J., & Grau, R. (2000). Desde el “burnout” al “engagement”: una nueva perspectiva? [From burnout to engagement: a new perspective?]. Revista de Psicología Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 16(2), 117–134. https://journals.copmadrid.org/jwop/files/63236.pdf
Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale (UWES) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t76451-000
Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Sharma, S., Misra, N., & Gupta, A. (2020). Flow among scientists: A job demands resources perspective. Defence Life Science Journal, 5(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.5.15595
Su, J., Wei, C., Zhao, J., & Kong, F. (2024). Gratitude at work and work engagement: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Current Psychology, 43(24), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05919-4
Sypniewska, B., Baran, M., & Kłos, M. (2023). Work engagement and employee satisfaction in the practice of sustainable human resource management – based on the study of Polish employees. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 19(3), 1069–1100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00834-9
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1989). Using multivariate statistics. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.
Tandler, N., Krauss, A., & Proyer, R. T. (2020). Authentic happiness at work: Self- and peer-rated orientations to happiness, work satisfaction, and stress coping. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01931
United Nations Volunteers. (2021). Building equal and inclusive societies: State of the world’s volunteerism report. UN-iLibrary. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210012416
Urteaga, E. (2013). Social capital theory of Robert Putnam: Originality and shortcomings. Revista Reflexión Política, 15(29). https://doi.org/10.29375/01240781.4704
Valenzuela-Reyes, J. (2022). Efecto del encuadre sobre el descuento temporal en jóvenes que consumen alcohol: Análisis del dominio [Effect of framing on temporal discounting in young people who consume alcohol: Domain análisis]. Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 22(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.616
Wang, J., van Woerkom, M., Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., & Xu, S. (2023). Strengths-based leadership and employee work engagement: A multi-source study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 142, Article 103859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103859
Weintraub, J., Nolan, K. P., & Sachdev, A. R. (2023). The cognitive control model of work-related flow. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1174152
World Bank. (2023). A new era in development (Annual report 2023). https://elibrary.acbfpact.org/acbf/collect/acbf/index/assoc/HASH8acf/22abc214/e9198ecf/05.dir/World%20Bank%20Annual%20report.pdf
World Health Organization. (2001). The world health report 2001: Mental health: New understanding, new hope. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42390
View article in other formats
CrossMark check
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.