Analytical evaluation of the prospects for sustainable development of environmentally oriented tourism business
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to study the features of the development of the regions of Ukraine, the formation of a model of sustainable development of ecotourism. The bibliographic method made it possible to study the basic concepts,controversial and problematic issues, as well as the experience of solving them, proposed by scientists from different countries in this area of research. The analysis of efficiency has revealed the most competitive regions of Ukraine for conducting an environmentally oriented tourism business. The correlation and regression analysis results showed that the coefficient of determination R-square indicates a 94% correlation between the studied indicators. The growing dynamics of the number of subjects of tourist activity in Ukraine is noted. The primary data for cluster analysis were preliminarily formed, the presence of advantages and risks (anthropogenic effects) in 24 regions was determined, and promising directions for the development of ecotourism were identified. Cluster analysis, carried out using IBM SPSS software, determined the Euclidean distance and grouped the analyzed regions of Ukraine into clusters with the most similar characteristics. As a result of the study, the author’s vision of the essence of ecotourism, the logic of applying the methodology of cluster analysis was substantiated. The hypothesis about the influence of cultural heritage sites on the number of tourists was refuted. Some recommendations are given for further improvement of the quality of ecotourism development as a priority direction in the formation of sustainable development. The study’s practical significance lies in the fact that the results of the work carried out can be used as reference material for those studying the topic.
Keyword : ecotourism, sustainable development, business, efficiency, infrastructure, cluster model, Ukraine
How to Cite
Lesik, I., Lesik, M., Tishechkina, K., Ushkarenko, I., Soloviov, A., & Lahoiskyi, A. (2021). Analytical evaluation of the prospects for sustainable development of environmentally oriented tourism business. Business: Theory and Practice, 22(2), 318-329. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.14326
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Afroz, N., & Mahmud, M. S. (2017). Analyzing the problem and prospects of ecotourism: a review on Bangladesh. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(05), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1905035965
Bacher, J., Wenzig, K., & Vogler, M. (2004). SPSS TwoStep clustering – a first evaluation. Working and discussion papers. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-327153
Butcher, J. (2008). Ecotourism as life politics. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802154116
Choi, Y. E., Oh, C. O., & Chon, J. (2021). Applying the resilience principles for sustainable ecotourism development: A case study of the Nakdong Estuary, South Korea. Tourism Management, 83, 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104237
Edwards, A. W., & Cavalli-Sforza. L. L. (1965). A method for cluster analysis. Biometrics, 21(2), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528096
European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. (2010). The Charter. Published by EUROPARC Federation. Grafenau, Germany. https://www.europarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2010-European-Charter-for-Sustainable-Tourism-in-Protected-Areas.pdf
Farrell, B. H., & Runyan, D. (1991). Ecology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(91)90037-C
Ferrari, A., & Comelli, M. (2016). A comparison of methods for the analysis of binomial clustered outcomes in behavioral research. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 274, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.10.005
Gaston, A. J. (2020). Arctic Ocean Islands. Encyclopedia of the World’s Biomes, 2020, 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11769-5
Gonzalez, A. N., Gonzalez, F. M. C., Dagostino, R. M. C., & Gonzalez, O. N. (2021). Methodological process for evaluating the suitability of the territory for alternative tourism activities: Miramar-Playa Tortugas case study, Riviera Nayarit, Mexico. Investigaciones Turķsticas, (21), 256–277. https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2021.21.12
Gower, J. C. (1967). A comparison of some methods of cluster analysis. Biometrics, 23(4), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528417
Hasan, M. S., & Duan, Z. H. (2015). Chapter 4 – Hierarchical k-means: a hybrid clustering algorithm and its application to study gene expression in lung adenocarcinoma. In Emerging trends in computational biology, bioinformatics and systems biology. Emerging trends in computer science and applied computing (pp. 51–67). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802508-6.00004-1
Higham, J., & Luck, M. (2007). Chapter 7 – Ecotourism: Pondering the paradoxes. In Critical issues in ecotourism: Understanding a complex tourism phenomenon (pp. 117–135). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6878-1.50011-6
Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? (2nd ed.). Island Press. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/hydrotheek/1885200
Huertas, J. A., Palacio, A., Botero, M., Carvajal, G. A., van Laake, T., Higuera-Mendieta, D., Cabrales, S. A., Guzman, L. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Medaglia, A. L. (2020). Level of traffic stress-based classification: A clustering approach for Bogota. Colombia. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85, 102420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102420
Hvenegaard, G. T., & Dearden, P. (1998). Ecotourism versus tourism in a Thai National Park. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 700–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00020-6
Inbakaran, R., & Jackson, M. (2006). Resident attitudes inside Victoria’s tourism product regions: A cluster analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 13(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1375/jhtm.13.1.59
Kanwal, S., Rasheed, M. I., Pitafi, A. H., Pitafi, A., & Ren, M. (2020). Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits and community satisfaction. Tourism Management, 77, 104014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104014
Kaufman, L., & Rousseeuw, P. J. (1990). Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Applied Probability and Statistics (Vol. 344). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316801
Kim, J. O., & Mueller, C. W. (1978). Factor analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues. SAGE, (14), 88. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984256
Lacitignola, D., Petrosillo, I., Cataldi, M., & Zurlini, G. (2007). Modelling socio-ecological tourism-based systems for sustainability. Ecological Modelling, 206(1–2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.034
Lesik, I. M. (2019). Innovative infrastructure development and sustainable industrialization. In Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry. Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (pp. 109–116). https://doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-109-116
Lesik, I., Bobrovska, N., Bilichenko, O., Dranus, L., Lykhach, V., Dranus, V., Stoian, O., Kolevatova, A. & Nazarenko, I. (2020). Assessment of management efficiency and infrastructure development of Ukraine. Management Science Letters, 10(13), 3071–3080. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.5.016
Lin, Y. X., Chen, M. H., Lin, B. S., Tseng, S. Y., & Su, C. H. (2020). Nonlinear impact of World Heritage Sites on China’s tourism expansion. Tourism Economics, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620904886
Mamirkulova, G., Mi, J., Abbas, J., Mahmood, S., Mubeen, R., & Ziapour, A. (2020). New Silk Road infrastructure opportunities in developing tourism environment for residents better quality of life. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24, e01194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01194
Mbaiwa, J. E. (2017). Poverty or riches: who benefits from the booming tourism industry in Botswana? Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 35(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2016.1270424
Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. (2020). State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine. http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/officialcategory?cat_id=244910406
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. (2020). State cadastre of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine. http://pzf.menr.gov.ua
Mkono, M. (2020). Eco-anxiety and the flight shaming movement: implications for tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(3), 223–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0093
Ohunakin, F., Adeniji, A. A., Ogunlusi, G., Igbadumhe, F., & Sodeinde, A. G. (2020). Talent retention strategies and employees’ behavioural outcomes: empirical evidence from hospitality industry. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11061
Pulido-Fernandez, J. I., Cardenas-Garcia, P. J., & Espinosa-Pulido, J. A. (2019). Does environmental sustainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.151
Ruschmann, D. v. d. M. (1992). Ecological tourism in Brazil. Tourism Management, 13(1), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(92)90048-C
Shi, F., Weaver, D., Zhao, Y., Huang, M. F., Tang, C., & Liu, Y. (2019). Toward an ecological civilization: Mass comprehensive ecotourism indications among domestic visitors to a Chinese wetland protected area. Tourism Management, 70, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.07.011
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2013–2019). Tourist activities in Ukraine. Tourism. Statistical Bulletin. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2019). Regions of Ukraine. Statistical collection. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua
Statista. (2019). Number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe as of 2019, by country. Statista.
UNEP/WTO. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable. A guidefor policy makers. UNEP, WTO, Paryż – Madryt. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8741
Wallner, A., Bauer, N., & Hunziker, M. (2007). Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves by local residents in Switzerland and Ukraine. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(2–3), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.006
Weaver, D. B. (2002). The evolving concept of ecotourism and its potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2002.003753
Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1168–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.004
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2020). https://www.unwto.org/tourism4sdgs
WorldData. (2019). International tourism: the most popular countries. https://www.worlddata.info/tourism.php
Wu, L., Wei, G., Wu, J., & Wei, C. (2020). Some Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy dombi heronian mean operators and their application for evaluating the ecological value of forest ecological tourism demonstration areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030829
Yildiz, T. (2014). The European Union and Turkey: a review of their commonalities and disparities using cluster analysis. Business: Theory and Practice, 15(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2014.05
Zubaedah, R., Xaverius, F., Jayawardana, H., & Hidayat, S. H. (2020). Comparing Euclidean distance and nearest neighbor algorithm in an expert system for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Enfermerķa Clķnica, 30(Supplement 2), 374–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.121
Bacher, J., Wenzig, K., & Vogler, M. (2004). SPSS TwoStep clustering – a first evaluation. Working and discussion papers. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-327153
Butcher, J. (2008). Ecotourism as life politics. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802154116
Choi, Y. E., Oh, C. O., & Chon, J. (2021). Applying the resilience principles for sustainable ecotourism development: A case study of the Nakdong Estuary, South Korea. Tourism Management, 83, 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104237
Edwards, A. W., & Cavalli-Sforza. L. L. (1965). A method for cluster analysis. Biometrics, 21(2), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528096
European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. (2010). The Charter. Published by EUROPARC Federation. Grafenau, Germany. https://www.europarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2010-European-Charter-for-Sustainable-Tourism-in-Protected-Areas.pdf
Farrell, B. H., & Runyan, D. (1991). Ecology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(91)90037-C
Ferrari, A., & Comelli, M. (2016). A comparison of methods for the analysis of binomial clustered outcomes in behavioral research. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 274, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.10.005
Gaston, A. J. (2020). Arctic Ocean Islands. Encyclopedia of the World’s Biomes, 2020, 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11769-5
Gonzalez, A. N., Gonzalez, F. M. C., Dagostino, R. M. C., & Gonzalez, O. N. (2021). Methodological process for evaluating the suitability of the territory for alternative tourism activities: Miramar-Playa Tortugas case study, Riviera Nayarit, Mexico. Investigaciones Turķsticas, (21), 256–277. https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2021.21.12
Gower, J. C. (1967). A comparison of some methods of cluster analysis. Biometrics, 23(4), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528417
Hasan, M. S., & Duan, Z. H. (2015). Chapter 4 – Hierarchical k-means: a hybrid clustering algorithm and its application to study gene expression in lung adenocarcinoma. In Emerging trends in computational biology, bioinformatics and systems biology. Emerging trends in computer science and applied computing (pp. 51–67). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802508-6.00004-1
Higham, J., & Luck, M. (2007). Chapter 7 – Ecotourism: Pondering the paradoxes. In Critical issues in ecotourism: Understanding a complex tourism phenomenon (pp. 117–135). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6878-1.50011-6
Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? (2nd ed.). Island Press. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/hydrotheek/1885200
Huertas, J. A., Palacio, A., Botero, M., Carvajal, G. A., van Laake, T., Higuera-Mendieta, D., Cabrales, S. A., Guzman, L. A., Sarmiento, O. L., Medaglia, A. L. (2020). Level of traffic stress-based classification: A clustering approach for Bogota. Colombia. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85, 102420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102420
Hvenegaard, G. T., & Dearden, P. (1998). Ecotourism versus tourism in a Thai National Park. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 700–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00020-6
Inbakaran, R., & Jackson, M. (2006). Resident attitudes inside Victoria’s tourism product regions: A cluster analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 13(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1375/jhtm.13.1.59
Kanwal, S., Rasheed, M. I., Pitafi, A. H., Pitafi, A., & Ren, M. (2020). Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits and community satisfaction. Tourism Management, 77, 104014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104014
Kaufman, L., & Rousseeuw, P. J. (1990). Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Applied Probability and Statistics (Vol. 344). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316801
Kim, J. O., & Mueller, C. W. (1978). Factor analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues. SAGE, (14), 88. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984256
Lacitignola, D., Petrosillo, I., Cataldi, M., & Zurlini, G. (2007). Modelling socio-ecological tourism-based systems for sustainability. Ecological Modelling, 206(1–2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.034
Lesik, I. M. (2019). Innovative infrastructure development and sustainable industrialization. In Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry. Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (pp. 109–116). https://doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-109-116
Lesik, I., Bobrovska, N., Bilichenko, O., Dranus, L., Lykhach, V., Dranus, V., Stoian, O., Kolevatova, A. & Nazarenko, I. (2020). Assessment of management efficiency and infrastructure development of Ukraine. Management Science Letters, 10(13), 3071–3080. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.5.016
Lin, Y. X., Chen, M. H., Lin, B. S., Tseng, S. Y., & Su, C. H. (2020). Nonlinear impact of World Heritage Sites on China’s tourism expansion. Tourism Economics, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620904886
Mamirkulova, G., Mi, J., Abbas, J., Mahmood, S., Mubeen, R., & Ziapour, A. (2020). New Silk Road infrastructure opportunities in developing tourism environment for residents better quality of life. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24, e01194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01194
Mbaiwa, J. E. (2017). Poverty or riches: who benefits from the booming tourism industry in Botswana? Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 35(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2016.1270424
Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. (2020). State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine. http://mincult.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/officialcategory?cat_id=244910406
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. (2020). State cadastre of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine. http://pzf.menr.gov.ua
Mkono, M. (2020). Eco-anxiety and the flight shaming movement: implications for tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(3), 223–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0093
Ohunakin, F., Adeniji, A. A., Ogunlusi, G., Igbadumhe, F., & Sodeinde, A. G. (2020). Talent retention strategies and employees’ behavioural outcomes: empirical evidence from hospitality industry. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11061
Pulido-Fernandez, J. I., Cardenas-Garcia, P. J., & Espinosa-Pulido, J. A. (2019). Does environmental sustainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.151
Ruschmann, D. v. d. M. (1992). Ecological tourism in Brazil. Tourism Management, 13(1), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(92)90048-C
Shi, F., Weaver, D., Zhao, Y., Huang, M. F., Tang, C., & Liu, Y. (2019). Toward an ecological civilization: Mass comprehensive ecotourism indications among domestic visitors to a Chinese wetland protected area. Tourism Management, 70, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.07.011
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2013–2019). Tourist activities in Ukraine. Tourism. Statistical Bulletin. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2019). Regions of Ukraine. Statistical collection. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua
Statista. (2019). Number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe as of 2019, by country. Statista.
UNEP/WTO. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable. A guidefor policy makers. UNEP, WTO, Paryż – Madryt. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8741
Wallner, A., Bauer, N., & Hunziker, M. (2007). Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves by local residents in Switzerland and Ukraine. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(2–3), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.006
Weaver, D. B. (2002). The evolving concept of ecotourism and its potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2002.003753
Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1168–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.004
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2020). https://www.unwto.org/tourism4sdgs
WorldData. (2019). International tourism: the most popular countries. https://www.worlddata.info/tourism.php
Wu, L., Wei, G., Wu, J., & Wei, C. (2020). Some Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy dombi heronian mean operators and their application for evaluating the ecological value of forest ecological tourism demonstration areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030829
Yildiz, T. (2014). The European Union and Turkey: a review of their commonalities and disparities using cluster analysis. Business: Theory and Practice, 15(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2014.05
Zubaedah, R., Xaverius, F., Jayawardana, H., & Hidayat, S. H. (2020). Comparing Euclidean distance and nearest neighbor algorithm in an expert system for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Enfermerķa Clķnica, 30(Supplement 2), 374–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.121