Development of conceptual bases of the employee life cycle within an organization
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to review and integrate various definitions of the employee life cycle (ELC) and to develop new conceptual bases of ELC by applying logical analysis and systemic approach. In this article, we suggest the employee life cycle has a “client-based” approach. Therefore the development of the ELC is similar to the development of the client life cycle and each stage of this process requires adoption and use of external and internal personnel marketing tools. At the same time, it implies simultaneous various activities of employees and employers alike. A customer-centric process on the labor markets (external and internal) is initiated by the personnel marketing product. It is defined by three levels aiming to attract and retain employees. The model of the ELC proposed hereafter shows the bilateral mechanism of the employee-employer interaction. Through the activities of external (employee attraction) or internal (employee retention) personnel marketing the organization can build its “perceived” or “received” Employer Value Proposition (EVP). The refined definition of the ELC is based on the theoretical foundations of personnel marketing and takes into account the employee and the employer’s perspectives; our definition identifies the ELC time frame and defines indicators of the ELC measurement for further empirical studies. Suggested ELC stages were developed in a way to reflect characteristics and actions for the employer and the employee simultaneously. To maintain or renew the employee engagement level a set of measures were suggested for implementation at each stage of the ELC.
Keyword : employee life cycle, employee-employer interaction, ELC model, personnel marketing, employee engagement
How to Cite
Gladka, O., Fedorova, V., & Dohadailo, Y. (2022). Development of conceptual bases of the employee life cycle within an organization. Business: Theory and Practice, 23(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2022.13510
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abele, A. E., Volmer, J., & Spurk, D. (2012). Career stagnation: Underlying dilemmas and solutions in contemporary work environments. In N. P. Reilly, M. J. Sirgy, & C. A. Gorman (Eds.), International handbooks of quality-of-life. Work and quality of life: Ethical practices in organizations (pp. 107–132). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4059-4_7
Beer, M., Spector, B., & Lawrence, P. R. (1984). Managing human assets. Free Press.
Biasi, N. (2017). The 5 stages of the employee lifecycle. https://www.starmeup.com/blog/en/useful-tips/employee-lifecycle/
Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Barbour, J. P. (2014). Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: A multi-wave analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1866
Breevaart, B., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041
Bureau of Labour Statistics. (2018). Employee Tenure in 2018. https://www.bls.gov/cps/
Burke, M. (2019). Six stages to success with the employee lifecycle. https://inside.6q.io/six-stages-to-success-with-the-employeelifecycle/
Burnett, J. R., & Lisk, T. C. (2019). The future of employee engagement: Real-Time monitoring and digital tools for engaging a workforce. International Studies of Management & Organization, 49(1), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2019.1565097
Cambridge Dictionary. (2019). Cambridge Dictionary of American English. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
Castellano, W. G. (2013). Practices for engaging the 21st century workforce. Pearson Education, Inc.
Cattermole, G. (2019). Developing the employee lifecycle to keep top talent. Strategic HR Review, 18(6), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/SHR-05-2019-0042
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2019). Employee engagement and motivation. CIPD. https://www.cipd.co.uk/
Costello, D. (2006). Leveraging the employee life cycle: Four ways to stem sales force turnover. Customer Relationship Management, December, 10(12), 48.
Dollard, M. F., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470690
Eaton Gaul, C. (2019). Agile employee lifecycle. https://www.rsm.global/southafrica/news/agile-employee-lifecycle/
Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rorvik, E., Lande, A. B., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018). Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: A moderated mediation analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(3), 549–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164216
Farnan, J., Anderton, M. Z., & Douglas, E. (2010). The ROI of talent: How the employee lifecycle can improve business efficiency. http://www.skillsoft.com/assets/offers/ExecBlueprints-The_ROI_of_Talent.pdf/
Gladka, O., & Fedorova, V. (2019). Defining personnel marketing strategies. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 146–157. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.14
Gutierrez, K. (2017). The importance of training in each stage of the employee lifecycle. https://www.shiftelearning.com/blog/training-in-each-stage-of-the-employee-lifecycle/
Hamidu Magem, I. (2017). A review of the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 11(4), 773–780.
Handa, M., & Gulati, A. (2014). Employee engagement. Does individual personality matter. Journal of Management Research, 14(1), 57–67.
Imandin, L., Bisschoff, C., & Botha, C. (2014). A model to measure employee engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(4), 520–532.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., & Cunningham, P. H. (2008). Principles of marketing (7th Canadian Ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., & Jonas, K. (2013). Transformational leadership and performance: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12022
Kryvoruchko, O., & Gladka, O. (2015). Marketynh personalu: formuvannya ta realizatsiya na pidpryyemstvakh [monohrafiya]. KhNADU.
Ladyshewsky, R., & Taplin, R. (2017). Employee perceptions of managerial coaching and work engagement using the Measurement model of coaching skills and the Utrecht work engagement scale. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 15(2), 25–42.
Lavelle, J. (2007). On workforce architecture, employment relationships and lifecycles: Expanding the purview of workforce planning & management. Public Personnel Management, 36(4), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600703600406
Lawrence, M. T. (2017). Part of the automation, analytics and data in HR. https://www.hrzone.com/perform/business/employee-lifecycle-get-deeper-insight-by-aligning-analyticsinitiatives/
Leung, I. (2018). Employee lifecycle. https://enboarder.com/2018/12/11/employee-engagement-lifecycle/
Lowenstein, M. (2017). Customers have life cycles. Guess what? So do employees! Here’s why that’s so important. https://beyondphilosophy.com/customers-life-cycles-guessemployees-heres-thats-important/
Moynihan, D. P., & Landuyt, N. (2008). Explaining turnover intention in state government: Examining the roles of gender, life cycle, and loyalty. Review of Public Personal, 28(2), 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X08315771
Oxford Dictionary. (2019). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
Oxford Reference. (n.d.). https://www.oxfordreference.com/
Psychometrics, Consulting Company. (2015). A Study of employee engagement in the Canadian workplace. https://www.psychometrics.com/
Rouse, M. (2019). Employee life cycle. https://searchhrsoftware.techtarget.com/definition/employee-life-cycle/
Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21187
Saltmarsh, M. (2017). 5 Stages of the employment life cycle in need of improvement. Hospitality Review, February, 8–9.
Sato, Y., Kobayashi, N., & Shirasaka, S. (2019). An analysis of human resource management for knowledge workers: Using the three axes of target employee, lifecycle stage, and human resource flow. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9(1), 140–156.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Latham, G. P. (2016). The buffering effect of perceived organizational support on the relationship between work engagement and behavioral outcomes. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21653
Shirin, A., & Kleyn, N. (2017). An evaluation of the effects of corporate reputation on employee engagement: The case of a major bank in South Africa. International Studies of Management & Organization, 47(3), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2017.1318023
Shyam, B. R., & Ramachandra Gowda, N. K. (2015). A comparative study of dynamic nature of product life cycle stimulating employee life cycle. Adarsh Journal of Management Research, 8(2), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.21095/ajmr/2015/v8/i2/88210
Smither, L. (2003). Managing employee life cycles to improve labour retention. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 3(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2003)3:1(19)
Soane, E., Truss, C., Alfes, K., Shantz, A., Rees, C., & Gatenby, M. (2012). Development and application of a new measure of employee engagement: The ISA Engagement Scale. Human Resource Development International, 15(5), 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2012.726542
Tabassum, R., & Sahni, D. (2017). Employee life cycle in healthcare industry with reference to Delhi & NCR: an exploratory study. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 7(3), 5445–5451.
The Work Institute. (2019). Retention Report 2019. https://workinstitute.com/
Thompsen, J. A. (2010). Achieving a triple win: Human capital management of the employee lifecycle (1th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203875209
Verive, J. M., & DeLay, N. (2006). Measuring telework ROI: Metrics based on the employee life cycle. World at Work Journal, 15(2), 6–15.
Walker, J. W. (1980). Human resource planning. McGraw-Hill.
Welty, G. (2009). Developing a new employee orientation program for GXP compliance. Journal of GXP Compliance, 13(3), 82–92.
Beer, M., Spector, B., & Lawrence, P. R. (1984). Managing human assets. Free Press.
Biasi, N. (2017). The 5 stages of the employee lifecycle. https://www.starmeup.com/blog/en/useful-tips/employee-lifecycle/
Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Barbour, J. P. (2014). Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: A multi-wave analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1866
Breevaart, B., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041
Bureau of Labour Statistics. (2018). Employee Tenure in 2018. https://www.bls.gov/cps/
Burke, M. (2019). Six stages to success with the employee lifecycle. https://inside.6q.io/six-stages-to-success-with-the-employeelifecycle/
Burnett, J. R., & Lisk, T. C. (2019). The future of employee engagement: Real-Time monitoring and digital tools for engaging a workforce. International Studies of Management & Organization, 49(1), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2019.1565097
Cambridge Dictionary. (2019). Cambridge Dictionary of American English. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
Castellano, W. G. (2013). Practices for engaging the 21st century workforce. Pearson Education, Inc.
Cattermole, G. (2019). Developing the employee lifecycle to keep top talent. Strategic HR Review, 18(6), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/SHR-05-2019-0042
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2019). Employee engagement and motivation. CIPD. https://www.cipd.co.uk/
Costello, D. (2006). Leveraging the employee life cycle: Four ways to stem sales force turnover. Customer Relationship Management, December, 10(12), 48.
Dollard, M. F., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470690
Eaton Gaul, C. (2019). Agile employee lifecycle. https://www.rsm.global/southafrica/news/agile-employee-lifecycle/
Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rorvik, E., Lande, A. B., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018). Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: A moderated mediation analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(3), 549–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164216
Farnan, J., Anderton, M. Z., & Douglas, E. (2010). The ROI of talent: How the employee lifecycle can improve business efficiency. http://www.skillsoft.com/assets/offers/ExecBlueprints-The_ROI_of_Talent.pdf/
Gladka, O., & Fedorova, V. (2019). Defining personnel marketing strategies. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 146–157. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.14
Gutierrez, K. (2017). The importance of training in each stage of the employee lifecycle. https://www.shiftelearning.com/blog/training-in-each-stage-of-the-employee-lifecycle/
Hamidu Magem, I. (2017). A review of the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 11(4), 773–780.
Handa, M., & Gulati, A. (2014). Employee engagement. Does individual personality matter. Journal of Management Research, 14(1), 57–67.
Imandin, L., Bisschoff, C., & Botha, C. (2014). A model to measure employee engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(4), 520–532.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., & Cunningham, P. H. (2008). Principles of marketing (7th Canadian Ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., & Jonas, K. (2013). Transformational leadership and performance: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12022
Kryvoruchko, O., & Gladka, O. (2015). Marketynh personalu: formuvannya ta realizatsiya na pidpryyemstvakh [monohrafiya]. KhNADU.
Ladyshewsky, R., & Taplin, R. (2017). Employee perceptions of managerial coaching and work engagement using the Measurement model of coaching skills and the Utrecht work engagement scale. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 15(2), 25–42.
Lavelle, J. (2007). On workforce architecture, employment relationships and lifecycles: Expanding the purview of workforce planning & management. Public Personnel Management, 36(4), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600703600406
Lawrence, M. T. (2017). Part of the automation, analytics and data in HR. https://www.hrzone.com/perform/business/employee-lifecycle-get-deeper-insight-by-aligning-analyticsinitiatives/
Leung, I. (2018). Employee lifecycle. https://enboarder.com/2018/12/11/employee-engagement-lifecycle/
Lowenstein, M. (2017). Customers have life cycles. Guess what? So do employees! Here’s why that’s so important. https://beyondphilosophy.com/customers-life-cycles-guessemployees-heres-thats-important/
Moynihan, D. P., & Landuyt, N. (2008). Explaining turnover intention in state government: Examining the roles of gender, life cycle, and loyalty. Review of Public Personal, 28(2), 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X08315771
Oxford Dictionary. (2019). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
Oxford Reference. (n.d.). https://www.oxfordreference.com/
Psychometrics, Consulting Company. (2015). A Study of employee engagement in the Canadian workplace. https://www.psychometrics.com/
Rouse, M. (2019). Employee life cycle. https://searchhrsoftware.techtarget.com/definition/employee-life-cycle/
Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21187
Saltmarsh, M. (2017). 5 Stages of the employment life cycle in need of improvement. Hospitality Review, February, 8–9.
Sato, Y., Kobayashi, N., & Shirasaka, S. (2019). An analysis of human resource management for knowledge workers: Using the three axes of target employee, lifecycle stage, and human resource flow. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9(1), 140–156.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Latham, G. P. (2016). The buffering effect of perceived organizational support on the relationship between work engagement and behavioral outcomes. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21653
Shirin, A., & Kleyn, N. (2017). An evaluation of the effects of corporate reputation on employee engagement: The case of a major bank in South Africa. International Studies of Management & Organization, 47(3), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2017.1318023
Shyam, B. R., & Ramachandra Gowda, N. K. (2015). A comparative study of dynamic nature of product life cycle stimulating employee life cycle. Adarsh Journal of Management Research, 8(2), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.21095/ajmr/2015/v8/i2/88210
Smither, L. (2003). Managing employee life cycles to improve labour retention. Leadership and Management in Engineering, 3(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2003)3:1(19)
Soane, E., Truss, C., Alfes, K., Shantz, A., Rees, C., & Gatenby, M. (2012). Development and application of a new measure of employee engagement: The ISA Engagement Scale. Human Resource Development International, 15(5), 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2012.726542
Tabassum, R., & Sahni, D. (2017). Employee life cycle in healthcare industry with reference to Delhi & NCR: an exploratory study. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 7(3), 5445–5451.
The Work Institute. (2019). Retention Report 2019. https://workinstitute.com/
Thompsen, J. A. (2010). Achieving a triple win: Human capital management of the employee lifecycle (1th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203875209
Verive, J. M., & DeLay, N. (2006). Measuring telework ROI: Metrics based on the employee life cycle. World at Work Journal, 15(2), 6–15.
Walker, J. W. (1980). Human resource planning. McGraw-Hill.
Welty, G. (2009). Developing a new employee orientation program for GXP compliance. Journal of GXP Compliance, 13(3), 82–92.