An analysis of the influence and mechanisms of the digital economy on the disparities in urban total factor productivity
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2025.22638Abstract
The influence of the digital economy (DE) on the coordination of the urban total factor productivity (TFP) gap and its underlying mechanisms were investigated. The significance of this research mainly originates from its contribution to the theoretical understanding of regional coordination mechanisms, offering new insights into how the digital economy internally regulates disparities in regional TFP. Key findings include: (1) The dynamic analysis reveals that during the early stages of DE, the urban TFP gap expands significantly. However, as the digital economy matures, it contributes to reducing this gap. (2) Quantile regression results indicate that the digital economy substantially narrows the TFP gap primarily in regions with the most pronounced disparities (comprising 20% of the sample), while this effect is not evident in the remaining 80% of regions. (3) Enhancing the level of marketization of factors significantly strengthens the digital economy’s ability to reduce the TFP gap, and improvements in resource allocation also contribute to this effect.
First published online 06 June 2025
Keywords:
digital economy, regional TFP gap, factor marketization, resource misallocationHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ali, M. A., Hoque, M. R., & Alam, K. (2018). An empirical investigation of the relationship between e-government development and the digital economy: The case of Asian countries. Journal of Knowledge Management, 22(5), 1176–1200. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2017-0477> https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2017-0477
Aromi, D., & Clements, A. (2019). Spillovers between the oil sector and the S&P500: The impact of information flow about crude oil. Energy Economics, 81, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.03.018> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.03.018
Bellofatto, A. A., & Besfamille, M. (2021). Tax decentralization notwithstanding regional disparities. Journal of Urban Economics, 123, Article 103346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103346> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103346
Benitez, J., Arenas, A., Castillo, A., & Esteves, J. (2022). Impact of digital leadership capability on innovation performance: The role of platform digitization capability. Information & Management, 59(2), Article 103590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103590> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103590
Cavallaro, F., & Dianin, A. (2022). Combining transport and digital accessibilities in the evaluation of regional work opportunities. Journal of Transport Geography, 98, Article 103224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103224> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103224
Canh, N. P., Schinckus, C., Su, T. D., & Chong, F. H. L. (2020). Effects of the internet, mobile, and land phones on income inequality and The Kuznets curve: Cross country analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 44(10), Article 102041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102041> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102041
Chen, Y., Xu, S., Lyulyov, O., & Pimonenko, T. (2023). China’s digital economy development: Incentives and challenges. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(2), 518–538. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.18018> https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.18018
China Population and Employment Yearbook. (n.d.). https://github.com/statsyangliu/data-source> https://github.com/statsyangliu/data-source
China Statistical Database. (n.d.). https://www.shujuku.org/> https://www.shujuku.org/
China Statistical Database. (2023). China City statistical yearbook 2023. https://www.shujuku.org/china-city-statistical-yearbook-2023.html> https://www.shujuku.org/china-city-statistical-yearbook-2023.html
China Provincial Marketization Index Database. (n.d.). https://cmi.ssap.com.cn/> https://cmi.ssap.com.cn/
China Provincial Marketization Index Report. (2021). https://pan.baidu.com/s/18EytnJYw7pIA62UuDIZeIw?pwd=8i6s#list/path=%2FChinese%20Provincial%20Marketization%20Index%20Report%20(2021> https://pan.baidu.com/s/18EytnJYw7pIA62UuDIZeIw?pwd=8i6s#list/path=%2FChinese%20Provincial%20Marketization%20Index%20Report%20(2021)
Deutsch, J., & Silber, J. (2004). Measuring the impact of various income sources on the link between inequality and development: Implications for the Kuznets curve. Review of Development Economics, 8(1), 110–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2004.00223.x> https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2004.00223.x
Evans, N., & Price, J. (2020). Development of a holistic model for the management of an enterprise’s information assets. International Journal of Information Management, 54, Article 102193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102193> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102193
Everson, J., Richards, M. R., & Buntin, M. B. (2019). Horizontal and vertical integration’s role in meaningful use attestation over time. Health Services Research, 54(5), 1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13193> https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13193
Felbermayr, G., & Jung, B. (2018). Market size and TFP in the Melitz model. Review of International Economics, 26(4), 869–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12346> https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12346
Fennell, D. A. (2022). Bridging the global-local animal-based tourism divide. Annals of Tourism Research, 96, Article 103459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103459> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103459
Ferreira, D., Vale, M., Carmo, R. M., Encalada-Abarca, L., & Marcolin, C. (2021). The three levels of the urban digital divide: Bridging issues of coverage, usage and its outcomes in VGI platforms. Geoforum, 124, 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.05.002> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.05.002
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114(2), 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
Fuglie, K., Dhehibi, B., El Shahat, A. A. I., & Aw-Hassan, A. (2021). Water, policy, and productivity in Egyptian agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 103(4), 1378–1397. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12148> https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12148
Gallistl, V., Rohner, R., Hengl, L., & Kolland, F. (2021). Doing digital exclusion – Technology practices of older internet non-users. Journal of Aging Studies, 59, Article 100973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100973> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100973
Gebremichael, M. D., & Jackson, J. W. (2006). Bridging the gap in Sub-Saharan Africa: A holistic look at information poverty and the region’s digital divide. Government Information Quarterly, 23(2), 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2006.02.011> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2006.02.011
Gillman, M. (2021). Steps in industrial development through human capital deepening. Economic Modelling, 99, Article 105470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.02.011> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.02.011
Gray, T. J., Gainous, J., & Wagner, K. M. (2017). Gender and the digital divide in Latin America. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12270> https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12270
Harpriya, Sharma, R. K., & Sah, A. N. (2022). Impact of demographic factors on the financial performance of women-owned micro-enterprises in India. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2133> https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2133
Hattori, M., Shim, I., & Sugihara, Y. (2021). Cross-stock market spillovers through variance risk premiums and equity flows. Journal of International Money and Finance, 119, Article 102480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102480> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102480
Heim, I., Kalyuzhnova, Y., Li, W., & Liu, K. (2019). Value co-creation between foreign firms and indigenous small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kazakhstan’s oil and gas industry: The role of information technology spillovers. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(6), 911–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22067> https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22067
Helpman, E., Melitz, M. J., & Yeaple, S. R. (2004). Export versus FDI with heterogeneous firms. American Economic Review, 94(2), 300–316. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970814> https://doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970814
Hu, G., Ai, W., & Yao, Q. (2023). Government e-service capability index report (2022). China Social Sciences Press. https://www.sklib.cn/booklib/bookPreview?SiteID=122&ID=10334509> https://www.sklib.cn/booklib/bookPreview?SiteID=122&ID=10334509
Huebener, M., Kuger, S., & Marcus, J. (2017). Increased instruction hours and the widening gap in student performance. Labour Economics, 47, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2017.04.007> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2017.04.007
Hur, H., Maurer, J. A., & Hawley, J. (2019). The role of education, occupational match on job satisfaction in the behavioral and social science workforce. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(3), 407–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21343> https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21343
Jalil, A. (2012). Modeling income inequality and openness in the framework of Kuznets curve: New evidence from China. Economic Modelling, 29(2), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.10.012> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.10.012
Li, B., Li, T., Yu, M., & Chen, B. (2017). Can equalization of public services narrow the regional disparities in China? A spatial econometrics approach. China Economic Review, 44, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.03.010> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.03.010
Li, K., Guo, Z., & Chen, Q. (2021). The effect of economic policy uncertainty on enterprise total factor productivity based on financial mismatch: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 68, Article 101613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101613> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101613
Li, Y., Li, X., Wang, X., & Feng, C. (2024). Sustainable digital transformation: The nexus between ICT and global green economic growth. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 30(5), 1275–1305. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.21050> https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.21050
Lin, S., Cai, S., Sun, J., Wang, S., & Zhao, D. (2018). Influencing mechanism and achievement of manufacturing transformation and upgrading: Empirical analysis based on PLS-SEM model. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 30(2), 1149–1162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-05-2018-0126> https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-05-2018-0126
Liow, K. H., Liao, W.-C., & Huang, Y. (2018). Dynamics of international spillovers and interaction: Evidence from financial market stress and economic policy uncertainty. Economic Modelling, 68, 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.06.012> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.06.012
Liu, X., Palivos, T., & Zhang, X. (2017). Immigration, skill heterogeneity, and qualification mismatch. Economic Inquiry, 55(3), 1231–1264. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12434> https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12434
Liu, Y., Liu, C., & Zhou, M. (2021). Does digital inclusive finance promote agricultural production for rural households in China? Research based on the Chinese family database (CFD). China Agricultural Economic Review, 13(2), 475–494. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-06-2020-0141> https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-06-2020-0141
Ma, D., & Zhu, Q. (2022). Innovation in emerging economies: Research on the digital economy driving high-quality green development. Journal of Business Research, 145, 801–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.041> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.041
Ma, S., Guo, J., & Zhang, H. (2019). Policy analysis and development evaluation of digital trade: An international comparison. China & World Economy, 27(3), 49–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12280> https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12280
Mahon, R., & Fanning, L. (2019). Regional ocean governance: Integrating and coordinating mechanisms for polycentric systems. Marine Policy, 107, Article 103589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103589> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103589
Mäntymäki, M., Baiyere, A., & Islam, A. K. M. N. (2019). Digital platforms and the changing nature of physical work: Insights from ride-hailing. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.007> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.007
Marshall, A., Dezuanni, M., Burgess, J., Thomas, J., & Wilson, C. K. (2020). Australian farmers left behind in the digital economy – Insights from the Australian Digital Inclusion Index. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.001> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.001
Mayer, J. (2021). Development strategies for middle-income countries in a digital world – Insights from modern trade economics. The World Economy, 44(9), 2515–2546. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13158> https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13158
Meegan, A., Corbet, S., & Larkin, C. (2018). Financial market spillovers during the quantitative easing programmes of the global financial crisis (2007–2009) and the European debt crisis. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 56, 128–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2018.02.010> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2018.02.010
Mocetti, S., & Orlando, T. (2019). Corruption, workforce selection and mismatch in the public sector. European Journal of Political Economy, 60, Article 101809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.07.007> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.07.007
Naslund, J. A., Aschbrenner, K. A., Araya, R., Marsch, L. A., Unützer, J., Patel, V., & Bartels, S. J. (2017). Digital technology for treating and preventing mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries: A narrative review of the literature. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(6), 486–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30096-2> https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30096-2
National Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.-a). China statistical yearbook. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/> https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/
National Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.-b). Play with the China Statistical Database. https://data.stats.gov.cn/staticreq.htm?m=aboutctryinfo&eqid=e1a28e950000484b00000004646f1221> https://data.stats.gov.cn/staticreq.htm?m=aboutctryinfo&eqid=e1a28e950000484b00000004646f1221
Nguyen, T., & Zhao, J. (2021). Industry tournament incentives and corporate innovation. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 48, 1797–1845. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12549> https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12549
Nunn, N., & Qian, N. (2014). US food aid and civil conflict. American Economic Review, 104(6), 1630–1666. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1630> https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1630
Pan, J., & Lai, J. (2019). Spatial pattern of population mobility among cities in China: Case study of the National Day plus Mid-Autumn Festival based on Tencent migration data. Cities, 94, 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.022> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.022
Piętak, Ł. (2022). Regional disparities, transmission channels and country’s economic growth. Journal of Regional Science, 62(1), 270–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12564> https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12564
Rothstein, S. (2021). Toward a discursive approach to growth models: Social blocs in the politics of digital transformation. Review of International Political Economy, 29(4), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1895278> https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1895278
Santoalha, A., Consoli, D., & Castellacci, F. (2021). Digital skills, relatedness and green diversification: A study of European regions. Research Policy, 50(9), Article 104340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104340> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104340
Stern, D. I., Common, M. S., & Barbier, E. B. (1996). Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development, 24(7), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0> https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0
Taylor, P. S., & Habibis, D. (2020). Widening the gap: White ignorance, race relations and the consequences for Aboriginal people in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 354–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.106> https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.106
Teece, D. J. (2018). Profiting from innovation in the digital economy: Enabling technologies, standards, and licensing models in the wireless world. Research Policy, 47(8), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.015> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.015
Tencent Research Institute. (2023). Tencent Research Institute releases digital transformation index report for the 9th year. https://www.tisi.org/25884> https://www.tisi.org/25884
Tijdens, K., Beblavý, M., & Thum-Thysen, A. (2018). Skill mismatch comparing educational requirements vs attainments by occupation. International Journal of Manpower, 39(8), 996–1009. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2018-0328> https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2018-0328
Tran, T. Q., Hung Pham, H., Thi Vo, H., Thuy Luu, H., & Mai Nguyen, H. (2019). Local governance, education and occupation-education mismatch: Heterogeneous effects on wages in a lower middle income economy. International Journal of Educational Development, 71, Article 102101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102101> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102101
Twining, P. (2021). Making sense of young people’s digital practices in informal contexts: The digital practice framework. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13032> https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13032
Vu, K., & Hartley, K. (2022). Effects of digital transformation on electricity sector growth and productivity: A study of thirteen industrialized economies. Utilities Policy, 74, Article 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101326> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2021.101326
Wang, H., Ding, L., Guan, R., & Xia, Y. (2020). Effects of advancing internet technology on Chinese employment: A spatial study of inter-industry spillovers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, Article 120259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120259> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120259
Wang, L., Chen, Y., Ramsey, T. S., & Hewings, G. J. D. (2021a). Will researching digital technology really empower green development? Technology in Society, 66, Article 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101638> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101638
Wang, Y., Wang, T., & Chen, L. (2021b). Maturity mismatches of Chinese listed firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 70, Article 101680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101680> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101680
Wang, J., Zhang, J., Cifuentes-Faura, J., Crenguta Ileana, S., & Zhao, X. (2024). Exploring factors influencing the digital economy: Uncovering the relationship structure to improve sustainability in China. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 30(2), 441–463. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.20600> https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.20600
Xiao, Q., Gao, M., Chen, L., & Jiang, J. (2023). Dynamic multi-attribute evaluation of digital economy development in China: A perspective from interaction effect. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(6), 1728–1752. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2023.20258> https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2023.20258
Zhang, H., Wei, Y., & Ma, S. (2021). Overcoming the “Solow paradox”: Tariff reduction and productivity growth of Chinese ICT firms. Journal of Asian Economics, 74(4), Article 101316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101316> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101316
Zheng, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Overeducation, major mismatch, and return to higher education tiers: Evidence from novel data source of a major online recruitment platform in China. China Economic Review, 66, Article 101584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101584> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101584
View article in other formats
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.