The society’s attitude toward 5G technologies – a case study of Poland
Abstract
The sustainable development of society depends, on the one hand, on the development of innovative technologies, on the other hand, on the positive and negative effects of this development. Social acceptance of new technological solutions seems to be also a key factor. One of the future technologies is 5G, which will undoubtedly have an unprecedented impact on socio-economic development. The scientific discussion on the risks caused by electromagnetic radiation in the context of a new wireless communication technology – the fifth generation (5G) standard – is going on around the world. The scientific aim of the study is to analyze the factors determining the social attitude of Poles towards 5G technology. Among the factors included are: general society attitudes of technology, the scale of actual Internet use, demographic characteristics and pro-health society attitudes. Data was collected using the CATI technique. The interviews were carried out among 1005 Polish citizens. The obtained results confirmed statistically significant relationships between the variables: attitudes towards technology (ATT) and attitudes towards 5G technology (ATT5G). Research has confirmed that people who use the Internet more frequently have more positive attitudes towards 5G technology. New knowledge regarding public attitudes toward 5G technology has been accumulated through research.
Keyword : some 5G technology, innovations, technological changes, sustainable development of technology, social aspects of sustainability
How to Cite
Ejdys, J., & Soler, U. (2023). The society’s attitude toward 5G technologies – a case study of Poland. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(5), 1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2023.20157
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall.
Arcus, D., & Kagan, J. (1995). Temperament and craniofacial variation in the first two years. Child Development, 66(5), 1529–1540. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131662
Baldwin, R. (2019). The globotics upheaval: Globalization, robotics, and the future of work. Oxford University Press.
Brito, J. M. (2018). Technological trends for 5G networks influence of e-health and IoT applications. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC), 9(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEHMC.2018010101
Brosnan, M. J. (1998). Technophobia: Computer anxiety and personality traits. Routledge.
Castels, M. (2009). The rise of the network society. John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319514
CBOS. (2019). Palenie papierosów. Komunikat z badań [Smoking. Research announcement] (No. 104/2019). https://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2019/K_104_19.PDF
Cheng, L.-K., Huang, H.-L., & Yang, S.-Y. (2021). Attitude toward 5G: The moderating effect of regulatory focus. Technology in Society, 67, Article 101795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101795
Chiaraviglio, L., Elzanaty, A., & Alouini, M. S. (2021). Health risks associated with 5G exposure: A view from the communications engineering perspective. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2, 2131–2179. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3106052
Ciaula, A. D. (2018). Towards 5G communication systems: Are there health implications? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 221(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.011
Davis, F. D. (1985). A technology Acceptance model for empirically testing new and-user information systems: Theory and results [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.
DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information System Research, 3(1), 60–95. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.3.1.60
Digital Poland. (2020). Technology in the service of society. Will Poles become a 5.0 society? Foundation Digital Poland, Warszawa.
Digital Poland. (2021). Technology in the service of society. Will Poles become society 5.0?. Foundation Digital Poland, Warszawa.
Edison, S. W., & Geissler, G. L. (2003). Measuring attitudes towards general technology: Antecedents, hypotheses and scale development. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 12(2), 1479–1862. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740104
Foote, M. (2000). Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems. Paleobiology, 26, 578–605. 2.0.CO;2> https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0578:OAECOT>2.0.CO;2
Frank, J. W. (2021). Electromagnetic fields, 5G and health: What about the precautionary principle? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75, 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213595
Frey, R. (2021). Psychological drivers of individual differences in risk perception: A systematic case study focusing on 5G. Psychological Science, 32(10), 1592–1604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621998312
Halicka, K. (2016) Innovative classification of methods of the future-oriented technology analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 22(4), 574–597. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1197164
Hern, A. (2019). How baseless fears over 5G rollout created a healths care. The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/26/how-baseless-fears-over-5g-rollout-created-a-health-scare
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (vol. 1, pp. 292–299). Holt. https://doi.org/10.1037/10538-000
Jones, S. (2020). Switzerland halts rollout of 5G over healthconcerns. Financial Times. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.ft.com/content/848c5b44-4d7a-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5
Jun, J. (2019). Mobile carriers grapple with‘NIMBY’syndrome. The Korea Times. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/01/133_261270.html
Keystone. (2019a). Several thousand protest against 5G in Swiss capital. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/radiation-fears_several-thousand-protest-against-5g-in-swiss-capital/45246224
Keystone. (2019b). Opponents of 5G start campaign to force nationwide vote. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/direct-democracy_opponents-of-5g-start-campaign-to-force-nationwide-vote/45299102
Kim, H. W., Chan, H. C., & Gupta, S. (2007). Value-based adoption of mobile Internet: An empirical investigation. Decision Support Systems, 43, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.009
Koh, T. H., Choi, J. W., Seo, M., Choi, H. D., & Kim, K. (2020). Factors affecting risk perception of electromagnetic waves rrom 5G network base stations. Bioelectromagnetics, 41(7), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22290
Korneeva, E., Olinder, N., & Strielkowski, W. (2021). Consumer attitudes to the smart home technologies and the internet of things (IoT). Energies, 14, Article 7913. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237913
Kowall, B., Breckenkamp, J., Blettner, M., Schlehofer, B., Schüz, J., & Berg-Beckhoff, G. (2012). Determinants and stability over time of perception of health risks related to mobile phone base stations. International Journal of Public Health, 57(4), 735–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0310-4
Lee, R. S. (1970). Social attitudes and the computer revolution, Public Opinion Quarterly, 34(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/267772
Maeng, K., Kim, J., & Shin, J. (2020). Demand forecasting for the 5G service market considering consumer preference and purchase delay behavior. Telematics and Informatics, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101327
McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., & Anderson, J. (1992). DSM-III disorders from age 11 to age 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199201000-00009
Martinez, L., Lozano, F., Soto, I., Palominos, P., De Tarso Neves Junior, P., & Laplagne, C. (2021). Acceptance of the implementation of a smart campus based on 5G technology by the University’s constituents. In 2021 Third South American Colloquium on Visible Light Communications (SACVLC) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/SACVLC53127.2021.9652255
Meese, J., Frith, J., & Wilken, R. (2020). COVID-19, 5G conspiracies and infrastructural futures. Media International Australia, 177(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20952165
Mier, S. T., & Lambert, M. E. (1991). Psychometric properties and correlates of three computer aversion scales. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 23(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203329
Modahl, M. (1999). Now or never: How companies must change today to win the battle for internet consumers. Harper Business. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122237
Mustafa, S., Zhang, W., Shehzad, M. U., Anwar, A., & Rubakula, G. (2022). Does health consciousness matter to adopt new technology? An integrated model of UTAUT2 with SEM-fsQCA approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 836194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.836194
Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Campbell, D., Goering, P., Lin, E., Wong, M., & Racine, Y. A. (1996). One-year prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Ontarians 15 to 64 years of age. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 41(9), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100904
Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Services Research, 2(4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050024001
Rahman, M. M., Khatun, F., Sami, S. I., & Uzzaman, A. (2022). The evolving roles and impacts of 5G enabled technologies in healthcare: Tet world epidemic COVID-19 issues. Array, 14, Article 100178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2022.100178
Ramjan, S., & Sangkaew, P. (2022). Understanding the adoption of autonomous vehicles in Thailand: An extended TAM approach. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 14(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2022-0005
Ray, C. M., Sormunen, C., & Harris, T. M. (1999). Men’s and women’s attitudes toward computer technology: A comparison. Office Systems Research Journal, 1(1), 1–8.
Rosen, L. D., Sears, D. C., & Weil, M. M. (1993). Treating technophobia: A longitudinal evaluation of the computerphobia reduction program. Computers in Human Behavior, 9, 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90019-O
Roubini, N. (2022). The unavoidable crash. Retrieved February 20, 2023, from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stagflationary-economic-financial-and-debt-crisis-by-nouriel-roubini-2022-12
Rydzyński, K. (Ed.). (2020). Effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves on the health of employees in the in the designed 5G networks and the general population. Łódź.
Sawng, W.-W., Kim, S.-H., Lee, J., & Oh, Y. S. (2011). Mobile service usage behavior in Korea: An empirical study on consumer acceptance of innovative technologies. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(1), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2011.557859
Schwab, K., & Malleret, T. ( 2020). COVID-19: The great reset. World Economic Forum.
Shah, S. K., Tang, Z., Sharif, S. M. F., & Tanveer, A. (2021a). An empirical study of Chinese students’ behavioral intentions to adopt 5G for smart-learning in Covid-19. Smart Learning Environment, 8, Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00172-9
Shah, S. K., Zhongjun, T., Sattar, A., & Xinhao, Z. (2021b). Consumer’s intention to purchase 5G: Do environmental awareness, environmental knowledge and health consciousness attitude matter? Technology in Society, 65, Article 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101563
Sharp, J. H. (2007). Development, extension, and application: A review of the technology acceptance model. Computer Information Systems, 5(9), 1–11.
Singh, D., Psychoula, I., Kropf, J., Hanke, S., & Holzinger, A. (2018). Users’ perceptions and attitudes towards smart home technologies. In M. Mokhtari, B. Abdulrazak, & H. Aloulou (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10898. Smart homes and health telematics, designing a better future: Urban assisted living. ICOST 2018. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94523-1_18
Sohaib, M. Wen, Z., Shahzad, A., Khalid, J., & Sehrish, R. (2022). An integrated model of UTAUT2 to understand consumers’ 5G technology acceptance using SEM ANN approach. Scientific Reports, 12, Article 20056. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24532-8
Tworek, K. (2023). IT reliability as a source of sustainability for organisations operating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 15(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2023-0003
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
Williams, M. D., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2015). The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): A literature review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(3), 443–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2014-0088
World Values Survey Association. (2021). WVS. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
Yeh, C.-C. (2017) Using a hybrid model to evaluate development strategies for digital content. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 23(6), 795–809. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1071293
Yu, Z., & Jin, D. (2021). Determinants of users’ attitude and intention to intelligent connected vehicle infotainment in the 5G-V2X mobile ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article 10069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910069
Zmyślony, M., Bieńkowski, P., Bortkiewicz, A., Karpowicz, J., Kieliszek, J., Politański, P., & Rydzyński, K. (2020). Ochrona zdrowia ludności przed zagrożeniami elektromagnetycznymi − wyzwania wynikające z planowanego w Polsce wdrożenia systemu radiokomunikacji standardu 5G [Protection of the population health from electromagnetic hazards – challenges resulting from the implementation of the 5G network planned in Poland]. Medycyna pracy, 71(1), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00867
Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Ingram Publisher Services.
Arcus, D., & Kagan, J. (1995). Temperament and craniofacial variation in the first two years. Child Development, 66(5), 1529–1540. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131662
Baldwin, R. (2019). The globotics upheaval: Globalization, robotics, and the future of work. Oxford University Press.
Brito, J. M. (2018). Technological trends for 5G networks influence of e-health and IoT applications. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC), 9(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEHMC.2018010101
Brosnan, M. J. (1998). Technophobia: Computer anxiety and personality traits. Routledge.
Castels, M. (2009). The rise of the network society. John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319514
CBOS. (2019). Palenie papierosów. Komunikat z badań [Smoking. Research announcement] (No. 104/2019). https://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2019/K_104_19.PDF
Cheng, L.-K., Huang, H.-L., & Yang, S.-Y. (2021). Attitude toward 5G: The moderating effect of regulatory focus. Technology in Society, 67, Article 101795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101795
Chiaraviglio, L., Elzanaty, A., & Alouini, M. S. (2021). Health risks associated with 5G exposure: A view from the communications engineering perspective. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2, 2131–2179. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3106052
Ciaula, A. D. (2018). Towards 5G communication systems: Are there health implications? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 221(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.011
Davis, F. D. (1985). A technology Acceptance model for empirically testing new and-user information systems: Theory and results [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.
DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information System Research, 3(1), 60–95. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.3.1.60
Digital Poland. (2020). Technology in the service of society. Will Poles become a 5.0 society? Foundation Digital Poland, Warszawa.
Digital Poland. (2021). Technology in the service of society. Will Poles become society 5.0?. Foundation Digital Poland, Warszawa.
Edison, S. W., & Geissler, G. L. (2003). Measuring attitudes towards general technology: Antecedents, hypotheses and scale development. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 12(2), 1479–1862. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740104
Foote, M. (2000). Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems. Paleobiology, 26, 578–605. 2.0.CO;2> https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0578:OAECOT>2.0.CO;2
Frank, J. W. (2021). Electromagnetic fields, 5G and health: What about the precautionary principle? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75, 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213595
Frey, R. (2021). Psychological drivers of individual differences in risk perception: A systematic case study focusing on 5G. Psychological Science, 32(10), 1592–1604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621998312
Halicka, K. (2016) Innovative classification of methods of the future-oriented technology analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 22(4), 574–597. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1197164
Hern, A. (2019). How baseless fears over 5G rollout created a healths care. The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/26/how-baseless-fears-over-5g-rollout-created-a-health-scare
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (vol. 1, pp. 292–299). Holt. https://doi.org/10.1037/10538-000
Jones, S. (2020). Switzerland halts rollout of 5G over healthconcerns. Financial Times. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.ft.com/content/848c5b44-4d7a-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5
Jun, J. (2019). Mobile carriers grapple with‘NIMBY’syndrome. The Korea Times. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/01/133_261270.html
Keystone. (2019a). Several thousand protest against 5G in Swiss capital. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/radiation-fears_several-thousand-protest-against-5g-in-swiss-capital/45246224
Keystone. (2019b). Opponents of 5G start campaign to force nationwide vote. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/direct-democracy_opponents-of-5g-start-campaign-to-force-nationwide-vote/45299102
Kim, H. W., Chan, H. C., & Gupta, S. (2007). Value-based adoption of mobile Internet: An empirical investigation. Decision Support Systems, 43, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.009
Koh, T. H., Choi, J. W., Seo, M., Choi, H. D., & Kim, K. (2020). Factors affecting risk perception of electromagnetic waves rrom 5G network base stations. Bioelectromagnetics, 41(7), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22290
Korneeva, E., Olinder, N., & Strielkowski, W. (2021). Consumer attitudes to the smart home technologies and the internet of things (IoT). Energies, 14, Article 7913. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237913
Kowall, B., Breckenkamp, J., Blettner, M., Schlehofer, B., Schüz, J., & Berg-Beckhoff, G. (2012). Determinants and stability over time of perception of health risks related to mobile phone base stations. International Journal of Public Health, 57(4), 735–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0310-4
Lee, R. S. (1970). Social attitudes and the computer revolution, Public Opinion Quarterly, 34(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/267772
Maeng, K., Kim, J., & Shin, J. (2020). Demand forecasting for the 5G service market considering consumer preference and purchase delay behavior. Telematics and Informatics, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101327
McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., & Anderson, J. (1992). DSM-III disorders from age 11 to age 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199201000-00009
Martinez, L., Lozano, F., Soto, I., Palominos, P., De Tarso Neves Junior, P., & Laplagne, C. (2021). Acceptance of the implementation of a smart campus based on 5G technology by the University’s constituents. In 2021 Third South American Colloquium on Visible Light Communications (SACVLC) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/SACVLC53127.2021.9652255
Meese, J., Frith, J., & Wilken, R. (2020). COVID-19, 5G conspiracies and infrastructural futures. Media International Australia, 177(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20952165
Mier, S. T., & Lambert, M. E. (1991). Psychometric properties and correlates of three computer aversion scales. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 23(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203329
Modahl, M. (1999). Now or never: How companies must change today to win the battle for internet consumers. Harper Business. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122237
Mustafa, S., Zhang, W., Shehzad, M. U., Anwar, A., & Rubakula, G. (2022). Does health consciousness matter to adopt new technology? An integrated model of UTAUT2 with SEM-fsQCA approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 836194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.836194
Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Campbell, D., Goering, P., Lin, E., Wong, M., & Racine, Y. A. (1996). One-year prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Ontarians 15 to 64 years of age. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 41(9), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100904
Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Services Research, 2(4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050024001
Rahman, M. M., Khatun, F., Sami, S. I., & Uzzaman, A. (2022). The evolving roles and impacts of 5G enabled technologies in healthcare: Tet world epidemic COVID-19 issues. Array, 14, Article 100178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2022.100178
Ramjan, S., & Sangkaew, P. (2022). Understanding the adoption of autonomous vehicles in Thailand: An extended TAM approach. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 14(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2022-0005
Ray, C. M., Sormunen, C., & Harris, T. M. (1999). Men’s and women’s attitudes toward computer technology: A comparison. Office Systems Research Journal, 1(1), 1–8.
Rosen, L. D., Sears, D. C., & Weil, M. M. (1993). Treating technophobia: A longitudinal evaluation of the computerphobia reduction program. Computers in Human Behavior, 9, 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90019-O
Roubini, N. (2022). The unavoidable crash. Retrieved February 20, 2023, from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stagflationary-economic-financial-and-debt-crisis-by-nouriel-roubini-2022-12
Rydzyński, K. (Ed.). (2020). Effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves on the health of employees in the in the designed 5G networks and the general population. Łódź.
Sawng, W.-W., Kim, S.-H., Lee, J., & Oh, Y. S. (2011). Mobile service usage behavior in Korea: An empirical study on consumer acceptance of innovative technologies. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(1), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2011.557859
Schwab, K., & Malleret, T. ( 2020). COVID-19: The great reset. World Economic Forum.
Shah, S. K., Tang, Z., Sharif, S. M. F., & Tanveer, A. (2021a). An empirical study of Chinese students’ behavioral intentions to adopt 5G for smart-learning in Covid-19. Smart Learning Environment, 8, Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00172-9
Shah, S. K., Zhongjun, T., Sattar, A., & Xinhao, Z. (2021b). Consumer’s intention to purchase 5G: Do environmental awareness, environmental knowledge and health consciousness attitude matter? Technology in Society, 65, Article 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101563
Sharp, J. H. (2007). Development, extension, and application: A review of the technology acceptance model. Computer Information Systems, 5(9), 1–11.
Singh, D., Psychoula, I., Kropf, J., Hanke, S., & Holzinger, A. (2018). Users’ perceptions and attitudes towards smart home technologies. In M. Mokhtari, B. Abdulrazak, & H. Aloulou (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 10898. Smart homes and health telematics, designing a better future: Urban assisted living. ICOST 2018. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94523-1_18
Sohaib, M. Wen, Z., Shahzad, A., Khalid, J., & Sehrish, R. (2022). An integrated model of UTAUT2 to understand consumers’ 5G technology acceptance using SEM ANN approach. Scientific Reports, 12, Article 20056. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24532-8
Tworek, K. (2023). IT reliability as a source of sustainability for organisations operating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 15(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2023-0003
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
Williams, M. D., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2015). The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): A literature review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(3), 443–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2014-0088
World Values Survey Association. (2021). WVS. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
Yeh, C.-C. (2017) Using a hybrid model to evaluate development strategies for digital content. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 23(6), 795–809. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1071293
Yu, Z., & Jin, D. (2021). Determinants of users’ attitude and intention to intelligent connected vehicle infotainment in the 5G-V2X mobile ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article 10069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910069
Zmyślony, M., Bieńkowski, P., Bortkiewicz, A., Karpowicz, J., Kieliszek, J., Politański, P., & Rydzyński, K. (2020). Ochrona zdrowia ludności przed zagrożeniami elektromagnetycznymi − wyzwania wynikające z planowanego w Polsce wdrożenia systemu radiokomunikacji standardu 5G [Protection of the population health from electromagnetic hazards – challenges resulting from the implementation of the 5G network planned in Poland]. Medycyna pracy, 71(1), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00867
Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Ingram Publisher Services.