Share:


Can gold hedge the risk of fear sentiments?

    Chi-Wei Su Affiliation
    ; Yiru Liu Affiliation
    ; Tsangyao Chang Affiliation
    ; Muhammad Umar Affiliation

Abstract

This paper investigates the interaction between fear sentiments and gold price (GP) by utilising the full-sample and sub-sample rolling-window bootstrap causality tests. It can be observed that GP can hedge the risk of fear sentiments in a certain period. The result supports the inter-temporal capital asset pricing model, which demonstrates that the increase in fear sentiments can promote the rise in gold prices. Due to excessive panic, fear sentiments also have negative effects on GP. In contrast, GP positively impacts fear sentiments, which manifests that market sentiment can be forecasted based on changes in the gold market. In addition, the negative influences from GP to fear sentiments indicate there are diversified assets that can be alternatives to gold. In the complicated international environment and volatile market sentiments, investors can benefit by optimising their asset portfolio. The governments can mitigate the adverse effects of large fluctuations in both markets by grasping the movement of gold and fear sentiments.


First published online 16 December 2022

Keyword : gold price, VIX, time-varying, causal relationship

How to Cite
Su, C.-W., Liu, Y., Chang, T., & Umar, M. (2023). Can gold hedge the risk of fear sentiments?. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17302
Published in Issue
Jan 20, 2023
Abstract Views
907
PDF Downloads
620
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Akhtaruzzaman, M., Boubaker, S., Lucey, B. M., & Sensoy, A. (2021). Is gold a hedge or a safe-haven asset in the COVID-19 crisis? Economic Modelling, 102, 105588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105588

Ali, M., Alam, N., & Rizvi, S. A. R. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) – An epidemic or pandemic for financial markets. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100341

Andrews, D. W. (1993). Tests for parameter instability and structural change with unknown change point. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 61(4), 821–856. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951764

Andrews, D. W., & Ploberger, W. (1994). Optimal tests when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 62(6), 1383–1414. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951753

Arouri, M. E. H., Lahiani, A., & Nguyen, D. K. (2015). World gold prices and stock returns in China: Insights for hedging and diversification strategies. Economic Modelling, 44, 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.030

Bahadur, G. C., & Kothari, R. (2016). The forecasting power of the volatility Index: Evidence from the Indian stock market. Management & Social Sciences, 4(1), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v4.n1.p21

Bagchi, D. (2012). Cross-sectional analysis of emerging market volatility index (India VIX) with portfolio returns. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(4), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801211264306

Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024

Balcilar, M., Bonato, M., Demirer, R., & Gupta, R. (2017). The effect of investor sentiment on gold market return dynamics: Evidence from a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach. Resources Policy, 51, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.11.009

Balcilar, M., Ozdemir, Z. A., & Arslanturk, Y. (2010). Economic growth and energy consumption causal nexus viewed through a bootstrap rolling window. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1398–1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.05.015

Baur, D. G., & Glover, K. (2012). A gold bubble? (Working Paper Series 175). Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney. https://ideas.repec.org/p/uts/wpaper/175.html

Baur, D. G., & Glover, K. J. (2015). Speculative trading in the gold market. International Review of Financial Analysis, 39, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.02.004

Baur, D. G., & Lucey, B. M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00244.x

Baur, D. G., & McDermott, T. K. (2010). Is gold a safe haven? International evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(8), 1886–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.12.008

Beckmann, J., Berger, T., & Czudaj, R. (2015). Does gold act as a hedge or a safe haven for stocks? A smooth transition approach. Economic Modelling, 48, 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.044

Bekiros, S., Boubaker, S., Nguyen, D. K., & Uddin, G. S. (2017). Black swan events and safe havens: The role of gold in globally integrated emerging markets. Journal of International Money and Finance, 73, 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.02.010

Ben Nasr, A., Bonato, M., Demirer, R., & Gupta, R. (2018). Investor sentiment and crash risk in safe havens. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3116554

Białkowski, J., Bohl, M. T., Stephan, P. M., & Wisniewski, T. P. (2015). The gold price in times of crisis. International Review of Financial Analysis, 41, 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2014.07.001

Bilgin, M. H., Gozgor, G., Lau, C. K. M., & Sheng, X. (2018). The effects of uncertainty measures on the price of gold. International Review of Financial Analysis, 58, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2018.03.009

Bollen, J., Mao, H., & Zeng, X. (2011). Twitter mood predicts the stock market. Journal of Computational Science, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2010.12.007

Boscaljon, B., & Clark, J. (2013). Do large shocks in VIX signal a flight-to-safety in the gold market? Journal of Applied Finance, 23(2), 120–131.

Boubaker, H., Cunado, J., Gil-Alana, L. A., & Gupta, R. (2020). Global crises and gold as a safe haven: Evidence from over seven and a half centuries of data. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 540, 123093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.123093

Bouri, E., Shahzad, S. J. H., Roubaud, D., Kristoufek, L., & Lucey, B. (2020). Bitcoin, gold, and commodities as safe havens for stocks: New insight through wavelet analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 77, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.03.004

Bredin, D., Conlon, T., & Potì, V. (2015). Does gold glitter in the long-run? Gold as a hedge and safe haven across time and investment horizon. International Review of Financial Analysis, 41, 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.01.010

Brodsky, D. A., & Sampson, G. P. (1980). The value of gold as a reserve asset. World Development, 8(3), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(80)90008-X

Caldara, D., & Iacoviello, M. (2018). Measuring geopolitical risk. Social Science Electronic Publishing. https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2018.1222

Caporale, G. M., Gil-Alana, L., & Trani, T. (2018). Brexit and uncertainty in financial markets. International Journal of Financial Studies, 6(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6010021

Cheema, M. A., Faff, R. W., & Szulczuk, K. (2020). The 2008 global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic: How safe are the safe haven assets? SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590015

Cheema, M. A., & Szulczuk, K. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and its influence on safe havens: An Examination of Gold, T-Bills, T-Bonds, US Dollar, and Stablecoin. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590015

Chen, K., & Wang, M. (2019). Is gold a hedge and safe haven for stock market? Applied Economics Letters, 26(13), 1080–1086. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1537469

Chen, X., Tian, Y., & Zhao, R. (2017). Study of the cross-market effects of Brexit based on the improved symbolic transfer entropy GARCH model-An empirical analysis of stock-bond correlations. PloS ONE, 12(8), e0183194. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183194

Cifarelli, G., & Paladino, G. (2010). Oil price dynamics and speculation: A multivariate financial approach. Energy Economics, 32(2), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.08.014

Ciner, C., Gurdgiev, C., & Lucey, B. M. (2013). Hedges and safe havens: An examination of stocks, bonds, gold, oil and exchange rates. International Review of Financial Analysis, 29, 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2012.12.001

Cohen, G., & Qadan, M. (2010). Is gold still a shelter to fear. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 1(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.5251/ajsms.2010.1.1.39.43

Cornett, M. M., McNutt, J. J., Strahan, P. E., & Tehranian, H. (2011). Liquidity risk management and credit supply in the financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 101(2), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.03.001

Da, Z., Engelberg, J., & Gao, P. (2015). The sum of all FEARS investor sentiment and asset prices. The Review of Financial Studies, 28(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu072

Dastgir, S., Demir, E., Downing, G., Gozgor, G., & Lau, C. K. M. (2019). The causal relationship between Bitcoin attention and Bitcoin returns: Evidence from the copula-based granger causality test. Finance Research Letters, 28, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2018.04.019

De Long, J., Shleifer, A., Summers, L., & Waldman, R. (1990). Noise trader risk in financial markets. Journal of Political Economy, 98(4), 703–738. https://doi.org/10.1086/261703

Fang, S., Fan, W., & Lu, T. (2012). Gold pricing model during the financial crisis. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2055266

Fernandez-Perez, A., Frijns, B., & Tourani-Rad, A. (2017). When no news is good news – The decrease in investor fear after the FOMC announcement. Journal of Empirical Finance, 41, 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2016.07.013

Garcia, D. (2013). Sentiment during recessions. The Journal of Finance, 68(3), 1267–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12027

Garone, F. G. (2020). Market sentiment and gold: investors’ and miners’ bet. https://tesi.luiss.it/id/eprint/29452

Gennaioli, N., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (2015). Money doctors. The Journal of Finance, 70(1), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12188
Georgoula, I., Pournarakis, D., Bilanakos, C., Sotiropoulos, D., & Giaglis, G. M. (2015). Using time-series and sentiment analysis to detect the determinants of Bitcoin prices. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2607167

Ghosh, B., Roux, C. L., & Ianole, R. (2017). Fear estimation-evidence from BRICS and UK. Social Science Electronic Publishing. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(4), 195–207.

Goodell, J. W., & Vähämaa, S. (2013). US presidential elections and implied volatility: The role of political uncertainty. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(3), 1108–1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.12.001

Gopalakrishnan, B., & Mohapatra, S. (2018). Turning over a golden leaf? Global liquidity and emerging market central banks’ demand for gold after the financial crisis. Journal of International Financial Markets. Institutions and Money, 57, 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2018.07.002

Grisse, C., & Nitschka, T. (2015). On financial risk and the safe haven characteristics of Swiss franc exchange rates. Journal of Empirical Finance, 32, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2015.03.006

Guo, K., Sun, Y., & Qian, X. (2017). Can investor sentiment be used to predict the stock price? Dynamic analysis based on China stock market. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 469, 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.11.114

Hansen, K. B., & Borch, C. (2021). The absorption and multiplication of uncertainty in machine-learning-driven finance. The British Journal of Sociology, 72(4), 1015–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12880

Hansen, B. E. (1992). Testing for parameter instability in linear models. Journal of Policy Modeling, 14(4), 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(92)90019-9

Hasan, M. B., Hassan, M. K., Rashid, M. M., & Alhenawi, Y. (2021). Are safe haven assets really safe during the 2008 global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic? Global Finance Journal, 50, 100668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2021.100668

He, Z., O’Connor, F., & Thijssen, J. (2018). Is gold a Sometime Safe Haven or an Always Hedge for equity investors? A Markov-Switching CAPM approach for US and UK stock indices. International Review of Financial Analysis, 60, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2018.08.010

Henriksen, T. E. S. (2018). Properties of long/short commodity indices in stock and bond portfolios. Journal of Alternative Investments, 20(4), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.3905/jai.2018.1.060

Hood, M., & Malik, F. (2013). Is gold the best hedge and a safe haven under changing stock market volatility? Review of Financial Economics, 22(2), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2013.03.001

Hunt, D. A., le Roux, C. L., & Oberholzer, N. (2018). Precious metals as safe haven assets in the South African market. In 4th 2018 Academy of Business and Emerging Markets (ABEM) Conference (pp. 75–81). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348555592

Iqbal, J. (2017). Does gold hedge stock market, inflation and exchange rate risks? An Econometric Investigation. International Review of Economics and Finance, 48, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2016.11.005

İskenderoglu, Ö., & Akdag, S. (2020). Comparison of the effect of VIX fear index on stock exchange indices of developed and developing countries: The G20 case. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 15(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2020-0009

Ji, Q., Zhang, D., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Searching for safe-haven assets during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Review of Financial Analysis, 71, 101526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101526

Jiang, W., Luan, P., & Yang, C. (2014). The study of the price of gold futures based on heterogeneous investors’ overconfidence. China Financial Review International, 4(1), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-12-2012-0115

Jin, J., Yu, J., Hu, Y., & Shang, Y. (2019). Which one is more informative in determining price movements of hedging assets? Evidence from Bitcoin, gold and crude oil markets. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 527, 121121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.121121

Karalevicius, V., Degrande, N., & De Weerdt, J. (2018). Using sentiment analysis to predict interday Bitcoin price movements. Journal Risk Finance, 19(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-06-2017-0092

Kindleberger, C. P. (1978). Manias, panics and crashes: A history of financial crises. Palgrave Macmillan.

Kjærland, F., Khazal, A., Krogstad, E. A., Nordstrøm, F. B. G., & Oust, A. (2018). An analysis of Bitcoin’s price dynamics. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 11(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040063

Klein, T. (2017). Dynamic correlation of precious metals and flight-to-quality in developed markets. Finance Research Letters, 23, 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2017.05.002

Kumar, S. (2012). A first look at the properties of India’s volatility index. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(2), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801211209938

Lane, P. R. (2012). The European sovereign debt crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.49

Li, S., & Lucey, B. M. (2017). Reassessing the role of precious metals as safe havens – What colour is your haven and why? Journal of Commodity Markets, 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2017.05.003

Liu, W. H. (2020). Are gold and government bond safe-haven assets? An extremal quantile regression analysis. International Review of Finance, 20(2), 451–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/irfi.12232

López, R., & Navarro, E. (2012). Implied volatility indices in the equity market: A review. African Journal of Business Management, 6(50), 11909–11915. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM12.272

Low, R. K. Y., Yao, Y., & Faff, R. (2016). Diamonds vs. precious metals: What shines brightest in your investment portfolio? International Review of Financial Analysis, 43, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.11.002

Lucey, B. M., & Li, S. (2015). What precious metals act as safe havens, and when? Some US evidence. Applied Economics Letters, 22(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.920471

Meera, A. K. M., & Larbani, M. (2004). The gold dinar: The next component in Islamic economics, banking and finance. Review of Islamic Economics, 8(1), 5–34.

Mensi, W., Sensoy, A., & Vo, X. V. (2020). Pricing efficiency of major asset classes during COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342521156

Miyazaki, T., Toyoshima, Y., & Hamori, S. (2012). Exploring the dynamic interdependence between gold and other financial markets. Economics Bulletin, 32(1), 37–50.

Morales, L., & Andreosso-O’Callaghan, B. (2012). The current global financial crisis: Do Asian stock markets show contagion or interdependence effects? Journal of Asian Economics, 23(6), 616–626.

Neffelli, M., & Resta, M. R. (2018, March 23). Is VIX still the investor fear gauge? Evidence for the US and BRIC markets. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3199634

Nyblom, J. (1989). Testing for the constancy of parameters over time. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84(405), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1989.10478759

Pan, W. F. (2018). Sentiment and asset price bubble in the precious metals markets. Finance Research Letters, 26, 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2017.12.012

Pesaran, M. H., & Timmermann, A. (2005). Small sample properties of forecasts from autoregressive models under structural breaks. Journal of Econometrics, 129(1–2), 183–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.09.007

Pullen, T., Benson, K., & Faff, R. (2014). A comparative analysis of the investment characteristics of alternative gold assets. Abacus, 50(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12023

Qadan, M., & Yagil, J. (2012). Fear sentiments and gold price: testing causality in-mean and in-variance. Applied Economics Letters, 19(4), 363–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.579053

Qin, M., Su, C. W., Hao, L. N., & Tao, R. (2020). The stability of US economic policy: Does it really matter for oil price? Energy, 198, 117315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117315

Qureshi, S., Rehman, I. U., & Qureshi, F. (2018). Does gold act as a safe haven against exchange rate fluctuations? The case of Pakistan rupee. Journal of Policy Modeling, 40(4), 685–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.02.005

Ramelli, S., & Wagner, A. F. (2020). Feverish stock price reactions to COVID-19. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 9(3), 622–655. https://doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfaa012

Reboredo, J. C. (2013). Is gold a safe haven or a hedge for the US dollar? Implications for risk management. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(8), 2665–2676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.03.020

Robiyanto, R. (2018). Gold vs bonds: What is the safe haven for the Indonesian and Malaysian capital market? Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 20(3), 277–302. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.27775

Salisu, A. A., & Adediran, I. (2020). Gold as a hedge against oil shocks: Evidence from new datasets for oil shocks. Resources Policy, 66, 101606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101606

Salisu, A. A., Ndako, U. B., & Oloko, T. F. (2019). Assessing the inflation hedging of gold and palladium in OECD countries. Resources Policy, 62, 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.05.001

Salisu, A. A., Raheem, I. D., & Ndako, U. B. (2020). The inflation hedging properties of gold, stocks and real estate: A comparative analysis. Resources Policy, 66, 101605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101605

Sethi, N., & Gupta, S. (2014). Impact of consumer sentiments on precious metals. TMIMT, International Journal, 1(1), 1–8. http://tmimtjournal.org/papers/Impactconsumersentimentsonpreciousmetals_Nitin.pdf

Shahzad, S. J. H., Bouri, E., Roubaud, D., & Kristoufek, L. (2020). Safe haven, hedge and diversification for G7 stock markets: Gold versus Bitcoin. Economic Modelling, 87, 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.07.023

Sharpe, W. F. (1964). Capital asset prices: A theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. Journal of Finance, 19(3), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb02865.x

Shukur, G., & Mantalos, P. (2000). A simple investigation of the granger-causality test in integrated-cointegrated VAR systems. Journal of Applied Statistics, 27(8), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760050173346

Sims, C. A., Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1990). Inference in linear time series models with some unit roots. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 58(1), 113–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938337

Smales, L. A. (2014). News sentiment in the gold futures market. Journal of Banking and Finance, 49, 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.09.006

Stanescu, S., & Tunaru, R. (2013). Investment strategies with VIX and VSTOXX futures. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2351427

Stracca, L. (2015). Our currency, your problem? The global effects of the euro debt crisis. European Economic Review, 74, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.009

Su, C. W., Huang, S. W., Qin, M., &and Umar, M. (2021c). Does crude oil price stimulate economic policy uncertainty in BRICS? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 66, 101519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101519

Su, C. W., Meng, X. L., Tao, R., & Umar, M. (2021a). Chinese consumer confidence: A catalyst for the outbound tourism expenditure? Tourism Economics. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211065250

Su, C. W., Pang, L., Umar, M., & Lobonţ, O. R. (2022a). Will gold always shine amid world uncertainty? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2022.2050462

Su, C. W., Pang, L., Umar, M., Lobonţ, O. R., & Moldovan, N. C. (2022b). Does gold’s hedging uncertainty aura fade away. Resources Policy, 77, 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102726

Su, C. W., Qin, M., Tao, R., & Zhang, X. (2020). Is the status of gold threatened by Bitcoin? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1718524

Su, C. W., Qin, M., Zhang, X. L., Tao, R., & Umar, M. (2021b). Should Bitcoin be held under the U.S. partisan conflict. Technological and Economic Development Economy, 27(3), 511–529. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14058

Su, C. W., Xi, Y., Tao, R., & Umar, M. (2022c). Can Bitcoin be a safe haven in fear sentiment? Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(2), 268–289. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.15502
Sun, T. T., Su, C. W., Mirza, N., & Umar, M. (2021). How does trade policy uncertainty affect agricultural commodity prices? Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 66, 101514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101514

Tao, R., Su, C. W., Naqvi, B., & Rizvi, S. K. A. (2022). Can Fintech development pave the way for a transition towards low-carbon economy: A global perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121278

Tao, R., Su, C. W., Yaqoob, T., & Hammal, M. (2021). Do financial and non-financial stocks hedge against lockdown in Covid-19? An event study analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1948881

Tong, H., & Wei, S. J. (2008). Real effects of the subprime mortgage crisis: is it a demand or a finance shock? (Working Paper No. 14205). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w14205

Traub, H. D., Ferreira, L., Mcardle, M., & Antognelli, M. (2000). Fear and greed in global asset al.ocation. Journal of Investing, 9(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.3905/joi.2000.319396

Wang, G. J., Xie, C., Jiang, Z. Q., & Stanley, H. E. (2016). Extreme risk spillover effects in world gold markets and the global financial crisis. International Review of Economics and Finance, 46, 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2016.08.004

Wang, K. M. (2013). Can gold effectively hedge risks of exchange rate? Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(5), 833–851. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.670133

Wang, K. M., Lee, Y. M., & Thi, T. B. N. (2011). Time and place where gold acts as an inflation hedge: An application of long-run and short-run threshold model. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 806–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.008

Yuan, X., Su, C. W., Umar, M., Shao, X., & LOBONŢ, O. R. (2022). The race to zero emissions: Can renewable energy be the path to carbon neutrality? Journal of Environmental Management, 308, 114648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114648