Neural network derived landslide risk assessment system

    Nur Hisyam Ramli Info
    Siti Noor Linda Taib Info
    Norazzlina M. Sa’don Info
    Dayangku Salma Awang Ismail Info
    Raudhah Ahmadi Info
    Imtiyaz Akbar Najar Info
    Nazeri Abdul Rahman Info
    Rosmina Ahmad Bustami Info
    Tarmiji Masron Info
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2026.28249

Abstract

Landslide is a frequent form of natural disaster in a tropical region such as Western Sarawak, Malaysia, and the occurrences are commonly associated with the wet season. Contemporarily, Landslide Susceptibility Map (LSM) produced by machine learning models are used to assess the landslide risk. However, LSMs are known to have spatiotemporal issues, where recent changes in the spatial data used as inputs in the models are not reflected in the LSMs, causing unjustified landslide susceptibility score in certain areas. The same issue was also observed in Western Sarawak’s LSM. Thus, this study was focused on transforming the Artificial Neural Network model used developed the region’s LSM into a set of equations that can be used as a landslide risk assessment system. The new system was determined to be highly accurate with a score of 1 for both Area Under the Curve score, and recall.

Keywords:

environment impact assessment, environment monitoring, environment process modelling, landslide, machine learning, remote sensing.
Published in Issue
October 13, 2026
Abstract Views
33

How to Cite

Ramli, N. H., Taib, S. N. L., M. Sa’don, N., Awang Ismail, D. S., Ahmadi, R., Najar, I. A., Abdul Rahman, N., Ahmad Bustami, R., & Masron, T. (2026). Neural network derived landslide risk assessment system. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 34(3), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2026.28249

Share

Funding data

References

Abidoye, L. K., Mahdi, F. M., Idris, M. O., Alabi, O. O., & Wahab, A. A. (2018). ANN-derived equation and ITS application in the prediction of dielectric properties of pure and impure CO2. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.013

Ahmed, I., Das (Pan), N., Debnath, J., Bhowmik, M., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2024). Flood hazard zonation using GIS-based multi-parametric Analytical Hierarchy Process. Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 3(2), Article 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2023.100250

Chowdhury, S., Naimur, R., Sujon, S., Abu, S., Mahmud, K. H., & Hafsa, B. (2024). GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using logistic regression, random forest and decision and regression tree models in Chattogram District, Bangladesh. Heliyon, 10(1), Article e23424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23424

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. (2023). Harmonized World Soil Database version 2.0. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3823en

Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., & Alsdorf, D. E. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Reviews of Geophysics, 45(2), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183

Gómez, D., García, E. F., & Aristizábal, E. (2023). Spatial and temporal landslide distributions using global and open landslide databases. Natural Hazards, 117, 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05848-8

Guo, Y., & Ma, C. (2023). Elucidating the role of soil hydraulic properties on aspect-dependent landslide initiation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 27(8), 1667–1682. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1667-2023

Iban, M. C., & Sekertekin, A. (2022). Machine learning based wildfire susceptibility mapping using remotely sensed fire data and GIS: A case study of Adana and Mersin provinces, Turkey. Ecological Informatics, 69, Article 101647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101647

Janzandr. (2020). Version: [2196] One Click Raster Stacking 1.1.0. QGIS. https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/oneclickrasterstacking/version/1.1.0/

Karra, K., Kontgis, C., Statman-Weil, Z., Mazzariello, J. C., Mathis, M., & Brumby, S. P. (2021, July 11–16). Global land use / land cover with Sentinel 2 and deep learning. In 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS (pp. 4704–4707). Brussels, Belgium. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553499

Khajehzadeh, M., Taha, M. R., Keawsawasvong, S., Mirzaei, H., & Jebeli, M. (2022). An effective artificial intelligence approach for slope stability evaluation. IEEE Access, 10, 5660–5671. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3141432

Lei, D., Zhang, Y., Lu, Z., Lin, H., & Jiang, Z. (2024). Predicting factor of safety of slope using an improved support vector machine regression model. Mathematics, 12(20), Article 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12203254

Liaw, S. E. (2020). Business and investment opportunities in Sarawak at MIDA Invest Series: Unfolding states’ business potential [PowerPoint slides]. Ministry of Industrial and Entrepreneur Development Sarawak. https://www.mida.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20190131110151_190128-MIED-Slides-for-MIDA-INVEST-SERIES.pdf

Lin, J. M., & Billa, L. (2021). Spatial prediction of flood-prone areas using geographically weighted regression. Environmental Advances, 6, Article 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100118

Mohd Noor, S. N. A., Che Lat, D., Razali, R., & Zainuddin, A. N. (2025). Historical analysis of landslides events in Malaysia: Impact on physical and socio-economic. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 37(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v37.23280

Moragues, S., Lenzano, M. G., Jeanneret, P., Gil, V., & Lannutti, E. (2024). Landslide susceptibility mapping in the Northern part of Los Glaciares National Park, Southern Patagonia, Argentina using remote sensing, GIS and frequency ratio model. Quaternary Science Advances, 13, Article 100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100146

Phang, P., Labadin, J., Suhaila, J., Aslam, S., & Hazmi, H. (2023). Exploration of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and socio-demographic determinants on COVID-19 incidence rates in Sarawak, Malaysia. BMC Public Health, Article 1396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16300-8

Rahman, H. A., & Mapjabil, J. (2017). Landslides disaster in Malaysia: An overview. Health & the Environment Journal, 8(1), 58–71.

Ramayanti, S., Nur, A. S., Syifa, M., Panahi, M., Achmad, A. R., Park, S., & Lee, C. W. (2022). Performance comparison of two deep learning models for flood susceptibility map in Beira area, Mozambique. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 25(4), 1025–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2022.11.003

Rosly, M. H., Mohamad, H. M., Bolong, N., & Harith, N. S. H. (2022). An overview: Relationship of geological condition and rainfall with landslide events at East Malaysia. Trends in Sciences, 19(8), Article 3464. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3464

Roy, J., & Saha, S. (2022). Ensemble hybrid machine learning methods for gully erosion susceptibility mapping: K-fold cross validation approach. Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences, 3, 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiig.2022.07.001

Tan, M. L., Juneng, L., Tangang, Chan, W., N., & Ngai, S. T. (2019). Future hydro-meteorological drought of the Johor River Basin, Malaysia, based on CORDEX-SEA projections. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 64(8), 921–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1612901

Tang, X., Machimura, T., Liu, W., Li, J., & Hong, H. (2021). A novel index to evaluate discretization methods: A case study of flood susceptibility assessment based on random forest. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(6), Article 101253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101253

Ul Haq, I., Gondal, I., Vamplew, P., & Brown, S. (2019). Categorical features transformation with compact one-hot encoder for fraud detection in distributed environment. In R. Islam, Y. S. Koh, Y. Zhao, G. Warwick, D. Stirling, C. H. Li, & Z. Islam (Eds.), Communications in Computer and Information Science (Vol. 996, pp. 69–80). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6661-1_6

Waongo, M., Ouedraogo, O. A. Y., Sodoré, A. A., & Atta, S. (2025). An agroecological zoning approach for sustainable agriculture in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 15(2), 289–313. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2025.152014

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2026-10-13

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Ramli, N. H., Taib, S. N. L., M. Sa’don, N., Awang Ismail, D. S., Ahmadi, R., Najar, I. A., Abdul Rahman, N., Ahmad Bustami, R., & Masron, T. (2026). Neural network derived landslide risk assessment system. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 34(3), 301–306. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2026.28249

Share

Funding data