Analysing the route choices to access public open spaces in hill cities using space syntax approach
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2026.26841Abstract
Public open spaces serve as vital components of urban well-being, offering spaces for recreation, social interaction, and environmental balance. In hill cities, however, the steep terrain and irregular street networks create distinctive challenges for pedestrian accessibility and route selection. This study investigates how users navigate and choose routes to access public open spaces (POS) in the hill city of Aizawl, Mizoram, employing the space syntax approach to analyze spatial configuration and pedestrian movement patterns. By examining route connectivity, visual integration, and topographic influence, the study identifies how spatial hierarchy and elevation differences affect pedestrian safety, comfort, and decision-making. The analysis inte-grates spatial metrics with field observations to reveal critical barriers and preferred pathways that influence accessibility and user experience. The findings highlight the need for designing safe, inclusive, and topographically sensitive pedestrian networks that enhance access to public open spaces. Ultimately, this research advances the discourse on three-dimensional urban morphology in hill cities and provides actionable insights for planners to improve pedestrian mobility and spatial equity in complex urban terrains.
Keywords:
space syntax, public open space, hill city, pedestrian routes, stepsHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I., & Angel, S. (1977). A pattern language. Oxford University Press.
Appadurai, A. (2000). Urban cleansing: Notes on Millenial Mumbai. Public Culture, 12(3), 627–651. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-12-3-627
Asami, Y., Kubat, A. S., Kitagawa, K., & Iida, S.-I. (2003, January). Introducing the third dimension on Space Syntax: Application on the historical Istanbul. In 4th International Space Syntax Symposium (pp. 48.1–48.19). https://www.spacesyntax.net/symposia-archive/SSS4/abstracts/48_AsamiKubatIda_abstract.pdf
Basu, N., Oviedo-trespalacios, O., King, M., & Haque, M. (2022). The influence of the built environment on pedestrians’ perceptions of attractiveness, safety and security. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 87, 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.006
Benati, G., Calcagni, F., Matellozzo, F., Ghermandi, A., & Langemeyer, J. (2024). Unequal access to cultural ecosystem services of green spaces within the city of Rome – A spatial social media-based analysis. Ecosystem Services, 66, Article 101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2023.101594
Carmona, M. (2010). Contemporary public space, part two: Classification. Journal of Urban Design, 15(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574801003638111
Crouse, D. L., Pinault, L., Christidis, T., Lavigne, E., Thomson, E. M., & Villeneuve, P. J. (2021). Residential greenness and indicators of stress and mental well-being in a Canadian national-level survey. Environmental Research, 192, Article 110267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110267
D’Orso, G., Yasir, M., & Migliore, M. (2025). Combining walkability assessments at different scales in measuring spatial inequalities in access to railway stations. Journal of Transport and Health, 44, Article 102081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2025.102081
de Smith, M. J. (2004). Distance transforms as a new tool in spatial analysis, urban planning, and GIS. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1068/b29123
Di, X., & Liu, H. X. (2016). Boundedly rational route choice behavior: A review of models and methodologies. Transportation Research Part B, 85, 142–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2016.01.002
Edwards, N., Hooper, P., Trapp, G. S. A. A., Bull, F., Boruff, B., & Giles-Corti, B. (2013). Development of a Public Open Space Desktop Auditing Tool (POSDAT): A remote sensing approach. Applied Geography, 38(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.010
Groenewegen, P. P., van den Berg, A. E., Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., & de Vries, S. (2012). Is a green residential environment better for health? If so, why? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 996–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.674899
Han, S., Song, D., Xu, L., Ye, Y., Yan, S., Shi, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., & Du, H. (2022). Behaviour in public open spaces: A systematic review of studies with quantitative research methods. Building and Environment, 223, Article 109444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109444
Hillier, B. (1996). Space is the machine. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003172147-2
Hillier, B., & Iida, S. (2005). Network and psychological effects: A theory of urban movement. International Conference on Spatial Information Theory, 1987, 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/11556114_30
Karimi, K. (2018). Space syntax: Consolidation and transformation of an urban research field. Journal of Urban Design, 23(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1403177
Kim, Y. O., & Penn, A. (2004). Linking the spatial syntax of cognitive maps to the spatial syntax of the environment. Environment and Behavior, 36(4), 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503261384
Koohsari, M. J., Kaczynski, A. T., Mcormack, G. R., & Sugiyama, T. (2014). Using space syntax to assess the built environment for physical activity: Applications to research on parks and public open spaces. Leisure Sciences, 36(2), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.856722
Koohsari, M. J., Sugiyama, T., Mavoa, S., Villanueva, K., Badland, H., Giles-Corti, B., & Owen, N. (2016). Street network measures and adults’ walking for transport: Application of space syntax. Health and Place, 38, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.12.009
Kumar, G., Vyas, S., Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2025). Urban growth prediction using CA ANN model and spatial analysis for planning policy in Indore city, India. GeoJournal, 90(3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-025-11393-7
Lackey, J. L., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2009). Correspondence of perceived vs. objective proximity to parks and their relationship to park-based physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-53
Lalramsangi, V., Garg, Y. K., & Shukla, B. (2026). Studying utility of public open spaces: A synthesis of variables influencing public open spaces usage through systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Literature, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122261439104
Lalramsangi, V., Garg, Y. K., & Sharma, S. N. (2025). Route choices to access public open spaces in hill cities. Environment and Urbanisation ASIA, 16(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/09754253251388721
Lalramsangi, V., Khiangte, L., & Lallianthanga, A. (2022). Manifestation of cultural and settlement patterns of vernacular mizo villages in modern neighborhoods of Mizoram, India. ISVS E-Journal, 9(3), 86–102.
Lodhi, A. S., Jaiswal, A., & Sharma, S. N. (2025). Assessing bus users satisfaction using discrete choice models: A case of Bhopal. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 9, Article 437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01652-w
Lyu, Y., Abd Malek, M. I., Ja‘afar, N. H., Sima, Y., Han, Z., & Liu, Z. (2023). Unveiling the potential of space syntax approach for revitalizing historic urban areas: A case study of Yushan Historic District, China. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 12(6), 1144–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2023.08.004
Martínez-Chao, T. E., Menéndez-Díaz, A., García-Cortés, S., & Agostino, P. D. (2024). Urban pedestrian routes’ accessibility assessment using geographic information system processing and deep learning-based object detection. Sensors, 24(11), Article 3667. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113667
Mohamed, A. A., & van der Laag Yamu, C. (2024). Space syntax has come of age: A bibliometric review from 1976 to 2023. Journal of Planning Literature, 39(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122231208018
Pais, F., Sousa, N., Monteiro, J., Coutinho-Rodrigues, J., & Natividade-Jesus, E. (2025). Walking to public transport: Rethinking catchment areas considering topography and surrogate buffers. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 14(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050205
Peponis, J., & Wineman, J. (2002). Spatial structure of environment and behavior. In R. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Ed.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 271–291). Wiley.
Pinto, L. V., Ferreira, C. S. S., Inácio, M., & Pereira, P. (2022). Urban green spaces accessibility in two European cities: Vilnius (Lithuania) and Coimbra (Portugal). Geography and Sustainability, 3(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.03.001
Prato, C. G. (2009). Route choice modeling: Past, present and future research directions. Journal of Choice Modeling, 2(1), 65–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70005-8
Puckett, R. R. (2009). Multi‐agent crowd behaviour simulation for tsunami evacuation [Masters thesis]. Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii.
Schindler, M., Le Texier, M., & Caruso, G. (2022). How far do people travel to use urban green space? A comparison of three European cities. Applied Geography, 141, Article 102673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102673
Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2025a). A systematic literature review of pedestrian safety in urban transport systems. Journal of Road Safety, 36(4), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.33492/JRS-D-25-4-2707507
Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2025b). A systematic literature review of transit oriented development to assess its role in economic development of city. Transportation in Developing Economies, 11(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-025-00245-1
Sharma, S. N., & Dehalwar, K. (2025c). Examining the inclusivity of India’s national urban transport policy for senior citizens. In Transforming healthcare infrastructure (1st ed., pp. 115–134). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003513834-5
Sharma, S. N., Singh, D., & Dehalwar, K. (2024). Surrogate safety analysis- leveraging advanced technologies for safer roads. Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology, 31(4), Article 010320. https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-04-e03837
Space Syntax. (n.d.). Spatial form analysis. Retrieved April 20, 2024, from https://www.spacesyntax.online/applying-space-syntax/urban-methods-2/spatial-form-analysis/
State Investment Project Management and Implementation Unit. (2010). Draft EIA Report “Development of Landfill Site for Aizawl City” [F. No.10-73/2010-IA-III].
Sugiyama, T., Francis, J., Middleton, N. J., Owen, N., & Giles-Corti, B. (2010). Associations between recreational walking and attractiveness, size, and proximity of neighborhood open spaces. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1752–1757. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182006
Sun, X., & Cui, X. (2025). Mapping mobility gaps: Geospatial analysis of accessibility and equity from socioeconomic perspectives. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 146, Article 104909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104909
Tong, Y., & Bode, N. W. F. (2022). The principles of pedestrian route choice. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19(189), Article 20220061. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0061
Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation Department. (2023). Draft master plan report: GIS-based master plan formulation for aizawl city under Amrut (Vol. 1). https://udpa.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/2024/02/a62e584d25a0ea39b649bdad88b579a5/posts-196-final-draft-master-plan-r6-v1-04-01-24.pdf
Van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021). Introduction to space syntax in urban studies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59140-3
World Health Organization. (2016). Urban green spaces and health. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2016-3352-43111-60341
Yenisetty, P. T., & Bahadure, P. (2021). Assessing accessibility to ASFs from bus stops using distance measures: Case of two Indian cities. Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105567
Zhang, J., Senousi, A. M., Zhao, P., Law, S., & Liu, X. (2023). Exploring 3D spatial morphology using multilayered space syntax, network science and wi-fi log data. Urban Informatics, 2(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-023-00023-7
Zhao, Z., Li, X., Xu, Y., Yang, S., Jiang, Y., & Wang, S. (2022). Evaluating spatial accessibility of cultural urban land use by using improved 2SFCA method in Xi’an, China. Heliyon, 8(12), Article e11993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11993
Zhou, S., Chen, F., & Xu, Z. (2022). Evaluating the accessibility of urban parks and waterfronts through online map services: A case study of Shaoxing, China. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 77, Article 127731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127731
View article in other formats
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.