Factors of visual organization effective on the protection of vernacular landscapes in the foothill villages
Abstract
As the cultural heritage of a country, the texture of vernacular villages is the main factor that forms the vernacular landscape. These textures provide visual values that play a determinant role in presence and residence continuity in rural areas. However, many vernacular landscapes of foothill villages in Iran have become problematic due to interferences and a lack of proper management mechanisms. It is essential to formulate a theoretical framework for parameters affecting the vernacular landscape protection to handle the development process and preserve this precious heritage. This is an exploratory study in terms of nature and is descriptive-survey research in terms of data collecting method. The statistical population comprises 31 experts in architectural and rural fields who were interviewed through a non-random network method. The techniques used in this study include content analysis, Delphi, and correlation, and the collected data are analyzed using SPSS software through Q factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The results show that 9 factors can be extracted based on the priorities and mental patterns of the experts for visual organization: adaptability, coordination and orderliness, visibility, comfort, permeability, compatibility, legibility, attractiveness, and landscape. Among the mentioned factors, the higher explained variance percentage (14.097%) belongs to adaptability. According to the obtained results, 99.4% of variations in the vernacular landscape have been explained by these 9 factors among which, visual attractiveness and visibility have the highest effect on vernacular landscape protection in foothill villages with impact coefficients of 0.318 and 0.279, respectively at the significance level of 99%.
Keyword : rural landscape, vernacular landscape, visual organization, landscape protection
How to Cite
Asadpour, F., Mahdinejad, J.- e-D., Sharghi, A., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2025). Factors of visual organization effective on the protection of vernacular landscapes in the foothill villages. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 33(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2025.22927
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abarghouei Fard, H., & Saboonchi, P. (2020). Landscape as symbolic nature; Contemplation of the representative role of natural elements in the formation of the landscape of Kamu village. Manzar, 12(52), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.22034/MANZAR.2020.226462.2059
Ahmadi, S., Sadeghloo, T., & Shayan, H. (2019). Investigating and analyzing effective factors on the physical landscape change of villages in metropolitan areas (Case study: Northern villages of Mashhad metropolitan). Journal of Rural Research, 10(4), 684–697. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2019.275886.1330
Antrop, M. (2018). The Routledge companion to landscape studies: A brief story of landscape research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315195063-1
Arts, B., Buizer, M., Horlings, L., Ingram, V., Van Oosten, C., & Opdam, P. (2017). Landscape approaches: A state-of-the-art review. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42, 439–463. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932
Asadpour, F. (2023). Explanation of the strategic model of visual organization based on improving the physical appearance of villages (Case study: Foothill villages in the West of Mazandaran province) [Ph.D. thesis, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University]. Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:O3NaXMp0MMsC
Asadpour, F., & Shirdel, H. (2022). Investigating and understanding the aesthetic principles effective on the formation of local landscapes [Conference presentation]. The 6th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1431858/
Asadpour, F., Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2021). Identifying and evaluating the visual organization factors affecting the improvement of the physical appearance of Iranian villages. Journal of Rural Research, 12(3), 589–572. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2021.325171.1642
Asadpour, F., Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2024a). Identifying the components of the visual organization to improve the physical appearance of the vernacular landscapes of the foothill villages of Iran (Case study: Foothill villages in the West of Mazandaran province). Journal of Environmental Studies, 50(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.22059/JES.2024.357672.1008399
Asadpour, F., Shirdel, A. H., & Naghipour, P. (2024b). Evaluation of perceptual indicators of physical environment affecting the inducement of citizen’s sense of place in urban neighborhoods. Energy and Buildings, 325, Article 114992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114992
Balestrieri, M., & Ganciu, A. (2018). Landscape changes in rural areas: A focus on Sardinian territory. Journal of Sustainability, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010123
Bandarin, F., & Van Oers, R. (2014). Reconnecting the city: The historic urban landscape approach and the future of urban heritage. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118383940
Bergeron, J., Paquette, S., & Poullaouec-Gonidec, P. (2014). Uncovering landscape values and micro-geographies of meanings with the go-along method. Landscape and Urban Planning, 122, 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.009
Chia, E. L., & Sufo, R. K. (2016). A situational analysis of Cameroon’s Technical Operation Units (TOUs) in the context of the landscape approach: Critical issues and perspectives. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 18, 951–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9688-0
Council of Europe. (2000). The European Landscape Convention (ETS No. 176). https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=176
ELC. (2000). The European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000), 20/10/2000 – Treaty open for signature by the member States of the Council of Europe and for accession by the European Union and the European non-member States (CETS No. 176). https://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape/the-european-landscape-convention
Etikan, I., Alkassim, R., & Abubakar, S. (2016). Comparison of snowball sampling and sequential sampling technique. Biometrics and Biostatistics International Journal, 3(1), 6–7. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2016.03.00055
Fagerholm, N., & Kayhko, N. (2009). Participatory mapping and geographical patterns of the social landscape values of rural communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. International Journal of Geography, 187(1), 43–60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228666345_Participatory_mapping_and_geographical_patterns_of_the_social_landscape_values_of_rural_communities_in_Zanzibar_Tanzania
Fairclough, G., Herlin, I. S., & Swanwick, C. (2018). Routledge handbook of landscape character assessment: Current approaches to characterization and assessment. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315753423
Falahatkar, H., & Aminzadeh, B. (2018). The sense of place and its influence on place branding: A case study of Sanandaj natural landscape in Iran. Landscape Research, 45, 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2018.1560401
Frontuto, V., Corsi, A., Silvia, N., Gullino, P., & Larcher, F. (2020). The visual impact of agricultural sheds on rural landscapes: The willingness to pay for mitigation solutions and treatment effects. Land Use Policy, 91, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104337
Ghosh, M. (2019). Traditional folk-art community and urban transformation: The case of the artists’ village at Kalighat, India. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 36(1), 70–89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341056163_TRADITIONAL_FOLK_ART_COMMUNITYAND_URBAN_TRANSFORMATION_THE_CASE_OF_THE_ARTISTS’_VILLAGE_AT_KALIGHAT_INDIA
Guo, J. W., & Zhang, L. (2020). A study on the spatial characteristics of “Double Centers” in Ethnic Dai’s vernacular settlement and architecture as exemplified in traditional villages in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. The Journal of Architecture, 67, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.19819/j.cnki.ISSN0529-1399.202008020
Harvey, C. A., Chacon, M., Donatti, C. I., Garen, E., Hannah, L., Andrade, A., & Wollenberg, E. (2014). Climate‐smart landscapes: Opportunities and challenges for integrating adaptation and mitigation in tropical agriculture. Conservation Letters, 7(2), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12066
Hernik, J., Gawronski, K., & Dixon-Gough, R. (2013). Social and economic conflicts between cultural landscapes and rural communities in the English and Polish systems. Land Use Policy, 30(1), 800–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.06.006
Hungler, B. P., Beck, C. T., & Polit, D. F. (1997). Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, and utilization. Lippincott-Raven. https://books.google.com/books/about/Essentials_of_Nursing_Research.html?id=-zBtAAAAMAAJ
Jung, H.-J., & Ryu, J.-H. (2015). Sustaining a Korean traditional rural landscape in the context of cultural landscape. Sustainability, 7(8), 11213–11239. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70811213
Klokov, K. (2018). Substitution and continuity in Southern Chukotka traditional rituals: A case study from Meinypilgyno village 2016–2017. Arctic Anthropol, 55(2), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.117
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Landeta, J. (2006). Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(5), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002
Lawrence, H., & Laurie, O. (2011). A life spent changing places (Penn studies in landscape architecture). University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.amazon.com/Changing-Places-Studies-Landscape-Architecture/dp/0812242637
Lee, C.-H. (2020). Understanding rural landscape for better resident-led management: Residents’ perceptions on rural landscape as everyday landscapes. Land Use Policy, 94, Article 104565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104565
Lothian, A. (1999). Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44(4), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00019-5
Loupa, R. I., Bianchi, P., Bernardo, F., & Van Eetvelde, V. (2019). What matters to people? Exploring contents of landscape identity at the local scale. Landscape Research, 44(3), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2019.1579901
Luginbuh, Y. (2014). The position of landscape within sustainable development. Manzar, 6(28), 53–59. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_7678.html
Mahdinejad, J., & Asadpour, F. (2020). Identifying and evaluating factors affecting the formation of physical structure of the villages around towns by urban development. International Journal of Urban and Rural Management, 19(58), 73–89. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2019). Evaluation of the indicators affecting the function of sustainable rural housing with an emphasis on the role of culture and society. Urban and Rural Management, 18(54), 283–300. http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-2489-fa.pdf
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020a). A theory of thoughts to explore the concept of visual aesthetics affecting the quality of people’s perception of rural landscapes [Conference presentation]. The 1st International Conference and the 5th Conference on Architecture and Sustainable Urban Development, Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:BqipwSGYUEgC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020b). Investigating the indicators and subjective patterns of the majority of experts in people’s visual perception of the rural environment appearance. Journal of Rural Research, 11(3), 422–439. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2020.297844.1464
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2018). The effects of economic factors on the physical structure of sustainable rural housing [Conference presentation]. 4th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:mB3voiENLucC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020c). Perception of rural architecture. Academic Jahad daneshgahi Publications (ACECR). https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:e5wmG9Sq2KIC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2022c). Structural modeling of physical components affecting the landscape beauty of mountainous villages in Northern Iran using a virtual reality system. Journal of Environmental Studies, 48(3), 363–386. https://doi.org/10.22059/JES.2022.345235.1008335
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2023). Identifying the physical-spatial components of the valuable vernacular villages based on tourism development (Case study: Foothill villages in the west of Mazandaran Province). Journal of Rural Research. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2023.361629.1855
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Asadpour, F. (2022a). Analysis and review of the principles and theoretical foundations of protecting the valuable heritage of rural architecture [Conference presentation]. The 6th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1431902/
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Asadpour, F. (2022b). Analyzing the components and objective and subjective indicators of environmental quality affecting the formation of the physical fabric of rural areas [Conference presentation]. The 6th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1431900/
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Asadpour, F. (2024). Identifying the physical-spatial components of the valuable vernacular villages based on tourism development (Case study: Foothill villages in the West of Mazandaran province). Journal of Rural Research, 15(1), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2023.361629.1855
McGranahan, D. A. (2008). Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the us. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85(3–4), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.12.001
Oranga, H. M., & Nordberg, E. (1993). The Delphi panel method for generating health information. Health Policy and Planning, 8(4), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/8.4.405
Paola, G., Marco, D., & Federica, L. (2018). How can different stakeholders contribute to rural landscape planning policy? The case study of Palermo municipality Italy. Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.002
Polat, A. T., & Akay, A. (2015). Relationships between the visual preferences of urban recreation area users and various landscape design elements. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.009
Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi technique: Myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x
Prasiasa, D. P. O., & Widari, D. A. D. S. (2019). Traditional agricultural system as tourism icon in Jatiluwih Tourism Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province. Journal of Asian Development, 5(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.5296/jad.v5i2.14585
Qingjuan, Y., Bei, L., & Kui, L. (2011). The rural landscape research in Chengdu’s urban-rural intergration development. Procedia Engineering, 21, 780–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2078
Rastandeh, A. (2009). Cultural landscape parameters of the mountainous rural spaces in Western of Iran; Case studies: Varkaneh, Shahrestaneh. Human Geographic Research, 42(67), 85–97.
Rezaei Rad, H., & Vahdat, S. (2017). Promotion of visual values in the corridors of urban vision with Quantitative Spatial Analysis Method (Case study: Vision corridors leading up to the Enghelab Square Zanjan). Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly Journal, 7(23), 69–86. http://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_47258.html
Saxena, K. G., Rao, K. S., Sen, K. K., Maikhuri, R. K., & Semwal, R. L. (2001). Integrated natural resource management: Approaches and lessons from the Himalaya. Ecology and Society, (5), Article 14. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00289-050214
Steelman, T. A., & Maguire, L. A. (1999). Understanding participant perspectives: Q-methodology in national forest management. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(3), 361–388. 3.0.CO;2-K> https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199922)18:3<361::AID-PAM3>3.0.CO;2-K
Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Dale, A., Sunderland, T., Supriatna, J., & Saryanthi, R. (2015). Landscape approaches, what are the pre-conditions for success. Sustainability Science, 10(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0281-5
Scherr, S. J., Shames, S., & Friedman, R. (2012). From climate smart agriculture to climate smart landscapes. Agriculture and Food Security, 1(12), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-1-12
Soini, K., Pouta, E., Salmiovirta, M., Uusitalo, M., & Kivinen, T. (2011). Local residents’ perceptions of energy landscape: The case of transmission lines. Land Use Policy, 28(1), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.06.009
Spiren, A. (2005). Landscape language (S. H. Bahreini & B. Amin Zadeh, Trans). Tehran University Press. https://benjamins.com/catalog/clu.4
Swaffield, S. (2016). Theory in landscape architecture: A reader (M. Feyzi, M. Khakzand, & S. Razaghiasl, Trans.). Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University Publications.
Tatum, K., Porter, N., & Hale, J. (2017). A feeling for what’s best: Landscape aesthetics and notions of appropriate residential architecture in Dartmoor National Park, England. Journal of Rural Studies, 56, 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.09.013
Torquati, B., Tempesta, T., Vecchiato, D., Venanzi, S., & Paffarini, C. (2017). The value of traditional rural landscape and nature protected areas in tourism demand: A study on agritourists’ preferences. Landscape Online, 53, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201753
Tress, B., & Tress, G. (2001). Capitalising on multiplicity: A transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57(3–4), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00200-6
Tress, B., Tress, G., Decamps, H., & Hauteserre, A. (2001). Bridging human and natural sciences in landscape research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57(3–4), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851997315.0211
UNESCO World Heritage Center. (2008). The operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/
Vogt, W. P., & Johnson, B. (2011). Dictionary of statistics & methodology: A nontechnical guide for the social sciences. Sage. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-sage-dictionary-of-statistics-methodology/book243878
Walsh, C. (2020). Landscape imaginaries and the protection of dynamic nature at the Wadden Sea. Rural Landscapes: Society Environment History, 7(1), 1–20. http://doi.org/10.16993/rl.55
Wartmann, F. M., Frick, J., Kienast, F., & Hunziker, M. (2021). Factors influencing visual landscape quality perceived by the public. Results from a national survey. Landscape and Urban Planning, 208, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.104024
Xiao, H., Liu, Y., Li, L., Yu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2018). Spatial variability of local rural landscape change under rapid urbanization in eastern China. International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7060231
Yang, Y., Fekete, A., Tian, G., Li, H., Ning, D., & He, R. (2022). Comprehensive zoning scheme for vernacular landscapes of China. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, 25(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2022-0002
Yu, B., Lu, Y., Zeng, J. X., & Zhu, Y. Y. (2017). Progress and prospect on rural living space. Scientia Geographica Sincia, 37(3), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.03.007
Ahmadi, S., Sadeghloo, T., & Shayan, H. (2019). Investigating and analyzing effective factors on the physical landscape change of villages in metropolitan areas (Case study: Northern villages of Mashhad metropolitan). Journal of Rural Research, 10(4), 684–697. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2019.275886.1330
Antrop, M. (2018). The Routledge companion to landscape studies: A brief story of landscape research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315195063-1
Arts, B., Buizer, M., Horlings, L., Ingram, V., Van Oosten, C., & Opdam, P. (2017). Landscape approaches: A state-of-the-art review. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42, 439–463. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932
Asadpour, F. (2023). Explanation of the strategic model of visual organization based on improving the physical appearance of villages (Case study: Foothill villages in the West of Mazandaran province) [Ph.D. thesis, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University]. Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:O3NaXMp0MMsC
Asadpour, F., & Shirdel, H. (2022). Investigating and understanding the aesthetic principles effective on the formation of local landscapes [Conference presentation]. The 6th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1431858/
Asadpour, F., Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2021). Identifying and evaluating the visual organization factors affecting the improvement of the physical appearance of Iranian villages. Journal of Rural Research, 12(3), 589–572. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2021.325171.1642
Asadpour, F., Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2024a). Identifying the components of the visual organization to improve the physical appearance of the vernacular landscapes of the foothill villages of Iran (Case study: Foothill villages in the West of Mazandaran province). Journal of Environmental Studies, 50(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.22059/JES.2024.357672.1008399
Asadpour, F., Shirdel, A. H., & Naghipour, P. (2024b). Evaluation of perceptual indicators of physical environment affecting the inducement of citizen’s sense of place in urban neighborhoods. Energy and Buildings, 325, Article 114992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114992
Balestrieri, M., & Ganciu, A. (2018). Landscape changes in rural areas: A focus on Sardinian territory. Journal of Sustainability, 10(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010123
Bandarin, F., & Van Oers, R. (2014). Reconnecting the city: The historic urban landscape approach and the future of urban heritage. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118383940
Bergeron, J., Paquette, S., & Poullaouec-Gonidec, P. (2014). Uncovering landscape values and micro-geographies of meanings with the go-along method. Landscape and Urban Planning, 122, 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.009
Chia, E. L., & Sufo, R. K. (2016). A situational analysis of Cameroon’s Technical Operation Units (TOUs) in the context of the landscape approach: Critical issues and perspectives. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 18, 951–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9688-0
Council of Europe. (2000). The European Landscape Convention (ETS No. 176). https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=176
ELC. (2000). The European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000), 20/10/2000 – Treaty open for signature by the member States of the Council of Europe and for accession by the European Union and the European non-member States (CETS No. 176). https://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape/the-european-landscape-convention
Etikan, I., Alkassim, R., & Abubakar, S. (2016). Comparison of snowball sampling and sequential sampling technique. Biometrics and Biostatistics International Journal, 3(1), 6–7. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2016.03.00055
Fagerholm, N., & Kayhko, N. (2009). Participatory mapping and geographical patterns of the social landscape values of rural communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. International Journal of Geography, 187(1), 43–60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228666345_Participatory_mapping_and_geographical_patterns_of_the_social_landscape_values_of_rural_communities_in_Zanzibar_Tanzania
Fairclough, G., Herlin, I. S., & Swanwick, C. (2018). Routledge handbook of landscape character assessment: Current approaches to characterization and assessment. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315753423
Falahatkar, H., & Aminzadeh, B. (2018). The sense of place and its influence on place branding: A case study of Sanandaj natural landscape in Iran. Landscape Research, 45, 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2018.1560401
Frontuto, V., Corsi, A., Silvia, N., Gullino, P., & Larcher, F. (2020). The visual impact of agricultural sheds on rural landscapes: The willingness to pay for mitigation solutions and treatment effects. Land Use Policy, 91, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104337
Ghosh, M. (2019). Traditional folk-art community and urban transformation: The case of the artists’ village at Kalighat, India. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 36(1), 70–89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341056163_TRADITIONAL_FOLK_ART_COMMUNITYAND_URBAN_TRANSFORMATION_THE_CASE_OF_THE_ARTISTS’_VILLAGE_AT_KALIGHAT_INDIA
Guo, J. W., & Zhang, L. (2020). A study on the spatial characteristics of “Double Centers” in Ethnic Dai’s vernacular settlement and architecture as exemplified in traditional villages in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. The Journal of Architecture, 67, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.19819/j.cnki.ISSN0529-1399.202008020
Harvey, C. A., Chacon, M., Donatti, C. I., Garen, E., Hannah, L., Andrade, A., & Wollenberg, E. (2014). Climate‐smart landscapes: Opportunities and challenges for integrating adaptation and mitigation in tropical agriculture. Conservation Letters, 7(2), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12066
Hernik, J., Gawronski, K., & Dixon-Gough, R. (2013). Social and economic conflicts between cultural landscapes and rural communities in the English and Polish systems. Land Use Policy, 30(1), 800–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.06.006
Hungler, B. P., Beck, C. T., & Polit, D. F. (1997). Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, and utilization. Lippincott-Raven. https://books.google.com/books/about/Essentials_of_Nursing_Research.html?id=-zBtAAAAMAAJ
Jung, H.-J., & Ryu, J.-H. (2015). Sustaining a Korean traditional rural landscape in the context of cultural landscape. Sustainability, 7(8), 11213–11239. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70811213
Klokov, K. (2018). Substitution and continuity in Southern Chukotka traditional rituals: A case study from Meinypilgyno village 2016–2017. Arctic Anthropol, 55(2), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.2.117
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Landeta, J. (2006). Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(5), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002
Lawrence, H., & Laurie, O. (2011). A life spent changing places (Penn studies in landscape architecture). University of Pennsylvania Press. https://www.amazon.com/Changing-Places-Studies-Landscape-Architecture/dp/0812242637
Lee, C.-H. (2020). Understanding rural landscape for better resident-led management: Residents’ perceptions on rural landscape as everyday landscapes. Land Use Policy, 94, Article 104565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104565
Lothian, A. (1999). Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44(4), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00019-5
Loupa, R. I., Bianchi, P., Bernardo, F., & Van Eetvelde, V. (2019). What matters to people? Exploring contents of landscape identity at the local scale. Landscape Research, 44(3), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2019.1579901
Luginbuh, Y. (2014). The position of landscape within sustainable development. Manzar, 6(28), 53–59. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_7678.html
Mahdinejad, J., & Asadpour, F. (2020). Identifying and evaluating factors affecting the formation of physical structure of the villages around towns by urban development. International Journal of Urban and Rural Management, 19(58), 73–89. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2019). Evaluation of the indicators affecting the function of sustainable rural housing with an emphasis on the role of culture and society. Urban and Rural Management, 18(54), 283–300. http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-2489-fa.pdf
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020a). A theory of thoughts to explore the concept of visual aesthetics affecting the quality of people’s perception of rural landscapes [Conference presentation]. The 1st International Conference and the 5th Conference on Architecture and Sustainable Urban Development, Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:BqipwSGYUEgC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020b). Investigating the indicators and subjective patterns of the majority of experts in people’s visual perception of the rural environment appearance. Journal of Rural Research, 11(3), 422–439. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2020.297844.1464
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2018). The effects of economic factors on the physical structure of sustainable rural housing [Conference presentation]. 4th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:mB3voiENLucC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020c). Perception of rural architecture. Academic Jahad daneshgahi Publications (ACECR). https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fa&user=wdOxyjoAAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=wdOxyjoAAAAJ:e5wmG9Sq2KIC
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2022c). Structural modeling of physical components affecting the landscape beauty of mountainous villages in Northern Iran using a virtual reality system. Journal of Environmental Studies, 48(3), 363–386. https://doi.org/10.22059/JES.2022.345235.1008335
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2023). Identifying the physical-spatial components of the valuable vernacular villages based on tourism development (Case study: Foothill villages in the west of Mazandaran Province). Journal of Rural Research. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2023.361629.1855
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Asadpour, F. (2022a). Analysis and review of the principles and theoretical foundations of protecting the valuable heritage of rural architecture [Conference presentation]. The 6th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1431902/
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Asadpour, F. (2022b). Analyzing the components and objective and subjective indicators of environmental quality affecting the formation of the physical fabric of rural areas [Conference presentation]. The 6th National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable City, Tehran, Iran. https://en.civilica.com/doc/1431900/
Mahdinejad, J., Sharghi, A., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Asadpour, F. (2024). Identifying the physical-spatial components of the valuable vernacular villages based on tourism development (Case study: Foothill villages in the West of Mazandaran province). Journal of Rural Research, 15(1), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2023.361629.1855
McGranahan, D. A. (2008). Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the us. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85(3–4), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.12.001
Oranga, H. M., & Nordberg, E. (1993). The Delphi panel method for generating health information. Health Policy and Planning, 8(4), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/8.4.405
Paola, G., Marco, D., & Federica, L. (2018). How can different stakeholders contribute to rural landscape planning policy? The case study of Palermo municipality Italy. Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.002
Polat, A. T., & Akay, A. (2015). Relationships between the visual preferences of urban recreation area users and various landscape design elements. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3), 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.009
Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi technique: Myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x
Prasiasa, D. P. O., & Widari, D. A. D. S. (2019). Traditional agricultural system as tourism icon in Jatiluwih Tourism Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province. Journal of Asian Development, 5(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.5296/jad.v5i2.14585
Qingjuan, Y., Bei, L., & Kui, L. (2011). The rural landscape research in Chengdu’s urban-rural intergration development. Procedia Engineering, 21, 780–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2078
Rastandeh, A. (2009). Cultural landscape parameters of the mountainous rural spaces in Western of Iran; Case studies: Varkaneh, Shahrestaneh. Human Geographic Research, 42(67), 85–97.
Rezaei Rad, H., & Vahdat, S. (2017). Promotion of visual values in the corridors of urban vision with Quantitative Spatial Analysis Method (Case study: Vision corridors leading up to the Enghelab Square Zanjan). Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly Journal, 7(23), 69–86. http://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_47258.html
Saxena, K. G., Rao, K. S., Sen, K. K., Maikhuri, R. K., & Semwal, R. L. (2001). Integrated natural resource management: Approaches and lessons from the Himalaya. Ecology and Society, (5), Article 14. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00289-050214
Steelman, T. A., & Maguire, L. A. (1999). Understanding participant perspectives: Q-methodology in national forest management. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18(3), 361–388. 3.0.CO;2-K> https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199922)18:3<361::AID-PAM3>3.0.CO;2-K
Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Dale, A., Sunderland, T., Supriatna, J., & Saryanthi, R. (2015). Landscape approaches, what are the pre-conditions for success. Sustainability Science, 10(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0281-5
Scherr, S. J., Shames, S., & Friedman, R. (2012). From climate smart agriculture to climate smart landscapes. Agriculture and Food Security, 1(12), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-1-12
Soini, K., Pouta, E., Salmiovirta, M., Uusitalo, M., & Kivinen, T. (2011). Local residents’ perceptions of energy landscape: The case of transmission lines. Land Use Policy, 28(1), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.06.009
Spiren, A. (2005). Landscape language (S. H. Bahreini & B. Amin Zadeh, Trans). Tehran University Press. https://benjamins.com/catalog/clu.4
Swaffield, S. (2016). Theory in landscape architecture: A reader (M. Feyzi, M. Khakzand, & S. Razaghiasl, Trans.). Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University Publications.
Tatum, K., Porter, N., & Hale, J. (2017). A feeling for what’s best: Landscape aesthetics and notions of appropriate residential architecture in Dartmoor National Park, England. Journal of Rural Studies, 56, 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.09.013
Torquati, B., Tempesta, T., Vecchiato, D., Venanzi, S., & Paffarini, C. (2017). The value of traditional rural landscape and nature protected areas in tourism demand: A study on agritourists’ preferences. Landscape Online, 53, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201753
Tress, B., & Tress, G. (2001). Capitalising on multiplicity: A transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57(3–4), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00200-6
Tress, B., Tress, G., Decamps, H., & Hauteserre, A. (2001). Bridging human and natural sciences in landscape research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57(3–4), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851997315.0211
UNESCO World Heritage Center. (2008). The operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/
Vogt, W. P., & Johnson, B. (2011). Dictionary of statistics & methodology: A nontechnical guide for the social sciences. Sage. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-sage-dictionary-of-statistics-methodology/book243878
Walsh, C. (2020). Landscape imaginaries and the protection of dynamic nature at the Wadden Sea. Rural Landscapes: Society Environment History, 7(1), 1–20. http://doi.org/10.16993/rl.55
Wartmann, F. M., Frick, J., Kienast, F., & Hunziker, M. (2021). Factors influencing visual landscape quality perceived by the public. Results from a national survey. Landscape and Urban Planning, 208, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.104024
Xiao, H., Liu, Y., Li, L., Yu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2018). Spatial variability of local rural landscape change under rapid urbanization in eastern China. International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7060231
Yang, Y., Fekete, A., Tian, G., Li, H., Ning, D., & He, R. (2022). Comprehensive zoning scheme for vernacular landscapes of China. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, 25(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2022-0002
Yu, B., Lu, Y., Zeng, J. X., & Zhu, Y. Y. (2017). Progress and prospect on rural living space. Scientia Geographica Sincia, 37(3), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.03.007