Everyday Urbanism in Lithuanian towns: the case of old community gardens in Grigiškės and Plungė

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2026.23661

Abstract

This paper examines old community gardens as an example of Everyday Urbanism in two small Lithuanian towns. While academic interest in newly created community gardens in Central and Eastern European countries is growing, old community gardens remain largely absent from academic discourse. To analyse the social and spatial factors essential to their development in Grigiškės and Plungė, scientific literature, statistical data and land use maps from socialist period master plans were used. Additionally, contemporary master plans and other urban planning documents were analysed, alongside interviews, to discuss the current context of old community gardens and explore their potential future trajectories. The results indicate that old community gardens were established during the socialist period, primarily due to the rural backgrounds of new urban residents. These gardens were created informally on vacant land next to blocks of flats, land that has remained undeveloped to this day due to multiple factors throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Although they are not officially recognised, the future development of old community gardens in Grigiškės and Plungė may differ based on varying attitudes from local government and their specific locations. These gardens exemplify the diverse and informal nature of Everyday Urbanism, highlighting the need for a more flexible approach to their preservation and integration into urban planning.

Keywords:

Everyday Urbanism, old community gardens, post-socialist town, urban informality, urban agriculture, community gardening

How to Cite

Gedvilas, A., & Krupickaitė, D. (2026). Everyday Urbanism in Lithuanian towns: the case of old community gardens in Grigiškės and Plungė. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 50(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2026.23661

Share

Published in Issue
January 16, 2026
Abstract Views
183

References

Adams, D., & Hardman, M. (2014). Observing guerrillas in the wild: Reinterpreting practices of urban guerrilla gardening. Urban Studies, 51(6), 1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013497410

Alawadi, K., Hashem, S., & Maghelal, P. (2022). Perspectives on Everyday Urbanism: Evidence from an Abu Dhabi neighborhood. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 44(3), 1571–1594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456x221097839

Bende, C., & Nagy, G. (2020). Community gardens in post-socialist Hungary: Differences and similarities. Geographia Polonica, 93(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0170

Bitušíková, A. (2016). Community gardening as a means to changing urban inhabitants and their space. Critical Housing Analysis, 3(2), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2016.3.2.296

Butkus, T. S. (2013). Lietuvos urbanistika: diskurso problema ir raidos perspektyvos. Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, 71, 47–58.

Centrinė statisitkos valdyba prie Lietuvos TSR ministrų tarybos. (1962). 1959 metų Visasąjunginio gyventojų surašymo duomenys. Valstybinė statistikos leidykla.

Cepic, S., Tomicevic-Dubljevic, J., & Zivojinovic, I. (2020). Is there a demand for collective urban gardens? Needs and motivations of potential gardeners in Belgrade. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 53, Article 126716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126716

Certomà, C. (2016). ‘A new season for planning’: Urban gardening as informal planning in Rome. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 98(2), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/geob.12094

Chase, J., Crawford, M., & Kaliski, J. (Eds.). (1999). Everyday Urbanism. The Monacelli Press.

Cirtautas, M. (2011). Visuomenės dalyvavimo urbanistinio planavimo ir projektavimo procesuose realijos ir perspektyvos. Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis, 3(3), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.052

Crawford, M. (1999a). Introduction. In J. Chase, M. Crawford, & J. Kaliski (Eds.), Everyday Urbanism (pp. 8–18). The Monacelli Press.

Crawford, M. (1999b). Blurring the boundaries: Public space and private life. In J. Chase, M. Crawford, & J. Kaliski (Eds.), Everyday Urbanism (pp. 22–35). The Monacelli Press.

Crawford, M. (2005). Everyday Urbanism. In R. Mehrotra (Ed.), Everyday Urbanism: Michigan debates on urbanism (Vol. 1, pp. 12–16). University of Michigan, Taubman College of Architecture.

Crawford, M. (2008). Preface: The current state of Everyday Urbanism. In J. Chase, M. Crawford, & J. Kaliski (Eds.), Everyday Urbanism (pp. 12–18). The Monacelli Press.

Crawford, M. (2023, August 22). The annual Sir Peter Hall lecture: Everyday Urbanism for planners [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqsjqvZQtzY&t=1173s

De Certeau, M. (1984). Chapter VII. In The practice of everyday life (pp. 91–94). University of California Press.

Dear, M., & Flusty, S. (1998). Postmodern urbanism. Association of American Geographers, 88(1), 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00084

Devlin, R. T. (2017). Asking ‘Third World questions’ of First World informality: Using Southern theory to parse needs from desires in an analysis of informal urbanism of the Global North. Planning Theory, 17(4), 568–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095217737347

Djokić, V., Ristić Trajković, J. R., Furundžić, D., Krstić, V., & Stojiljković, D. (2018). Urban garden as lived space: Informal gardening practices and dwelling culture in socialist and post-socialist Belgrade. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 30, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.014

Dobele, M., & Zvirbule, A. (2020). The concept of urban agriculture – historical development and tendencies. Rural Sustainability Research, 43(338), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.2478/plua-2020-0003

Drėmaitė, M. (2012). Industrializacija, urbanizacija ir regioninis planavimas. In M. Drėmaitė, V. Petrulis, & J. Tutlytė (Eds.), Architektūra sovietinėje Lietuvoje (pp. 133–156). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla.

Drėmaitė, M. (2018). Industrializuota ir urbanizuota ateitis. In N. Černiauskas, M. Drėmaitė, & T. Vaiseta (Eds.), Įsivaizduoti Lietuvą: 100 metų, 100 vizijų, 1918–2018 (pp. 122–123). Baltos lankos.

Ernwein, M. (2014). Framing urban gardening and agriculture: On space, scale and the public. Geoforum, 56, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.016

Foucault, M. (1984). Of other spaces: Utopias and heterotopias. Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité, 5, 46–49.

Fredericks, J., Hespanhol, L., Parker, C., Zhou, D., & Tomitsch, M. (2018). Blending pop-up urbanism and participatory technologies: Challenges and opportunities for inclusive city making. City Culture and Society, 12, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.06.005

Friedmann, J. (2002). The prospect of cities. University of Minnesota Press.

Google maps. (2025). https://www.google.com/maps/place/55%C2%B053'57.2%22N+21%C2%B049'54.3%22E/@55.8992218,21.8214717,1862m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d55.8992222!4d21.83175?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDMzMS4wIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDUzSAFQAw%3D%3D

Göttl, I., & Penker, M. (2020). Institutions for collective gardening: A comparative analysis of 51 urban community gardens in Anglophone and German-Speaking countries. International Journal of the Commons, 14(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.961

Gulin Zrnić, V. G., & Rubić, T. (2018). City-making through urban gardening: Public space and civic engagement in Zagreb. Narodna Umjetnost, 55(1), 159–179. https://doi.org/10.15176/vol55no109

Hencelová, P., Križan, F., Bilková, K., & Sládeková Madajová, M. (2021). Does visiting a community garden enhance social relations? Evidence from an East European city. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 75(5), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2021.2006770

Hlaváček, P., Raška, P., & Balej, M. (2016). Regeneration projects in Central and Eastern European post-communist cities: Current trends and community needs. Habitat International, 56, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.04.001

Hou, J. (2020). Guerrilla urbanism: Urban design and the practices of resistance. URBAN DESIGN International, 25(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-020-00118-6

Inytė, V. (2023, April 14). Dėl reikalavimų Kaune prasidėjo konfliktai: turtą gina net ir spygliuota viela. Lrytas. https://www.lrytas.lt/bustas/nekilnojamasis-turtas/2023/04/14/news/nuo-1991-uju-prie-daugiabuciu-siltnamius-state-kaunieciai-tures-juos-nugriauti-kodel--26629130

Jakaitis, J. (2004). Neformalaus veikimo veiksnių įtaka urbanistinei raidai. Town Planning and Architecture, 28(3), 132–143.

Jakaitis, J. (2005). Miesto architektūros savitumas kaip architektūros ir visuomenės sąveikos rezultatas. Town Planning and Architecture, 29(4), 191–202.

Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, L. (2022). Assumptions of the concept of spatial justice in the theory and practice of urban planning processes. Architecture and Urban Planning, 18(1), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.2478/aup-2022-0011

Juškevičius, P., & Jauneikaitė, K. (2008). Urbanistinių struktūrų formavimo ir žemės naudojimo klasifikavimo problematika. Town Planning and Architecture, 32(4), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-1630.2008.32.240-247

Juškevičius, P., Mozūriūnaitė, S., & Motieka, S. (2009). Lietuvos urbanistinių sistemų transformacijos ir mutacijos. Town Planning and Architecture, 33(4), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-1630.2009.33.225-238

Kelbaugh, D. (2000). Three paradigms: New Urbanism, Everyday Urbanism, Post Urbanism—An excerpt from the essential COMMON PLACE. Bulletin of Science Technology & Society, 20(4), 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/027046760002000406

Kunc, J., Navrátil, J., Tonev, P., Frantál, B., Klusáček, P., Martinát, S., Havlíček, M., & Černík, J. (2014). Perception of urban renewal: Reflexions and coherences of socio-spatial patterns (Brno, Czech Republic). Geographia Technica, 9(1), 66–77.

Lavrinec, J. (2014). Community art initiatives as a form of participatory research: The case of street mosaic workshop. Creativity Studies, 7(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297475.2014.933365

Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas. (2003). Lietuvos Respublikos sodininkų bendrijų įstatymas (2003, gruodžio 18, Nr. IX-1934). https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.224480

Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas. (2007). Lietuvos Respublikos želdynų įstatymas (2007, birželio 28, Nr. X-1241). https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.301807

Mehrotra, R. (2005). Introduction. In R. Mehrotra (Ed.), Everyday Urbanism: Michigan debates on urbanism (Vol. 1, pp. 12–16). University of Michigan, Taubman College of Architecture.

Michelkevičė, L. (2021). Clashes over Soviet legacy in Vilnius: Artistic activism and the making of public space. CAP - Public Art Journal, 3(2), 60–83.

Miestų statybos projektavimo institutas. (1982). Plungės miesto generalinis planas. Miestų statybos projektavimo institutas.

Miestų statybos projektavimo institutas. (1986). Grigiškių miesto tipo gyvenvietės išplanavimo projektas. Miestų statybos projektavimo institutas.

Mincytė, D., Bartkienė, A., & Bikauskaitė, R. (2020). Diverging temporalities of care work on urban farms: Negotiating history, responsibility, and productivity in Lithuania. Geoforum, 115, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.006

Motužienė, L. (2020, May 21). Šiltnamiai ir daržai prie daugiabučio: galima ar ne? Plungės žinios. https://pzinios.lt/2020/05/21/silt%C2%ADna%C2%ADmiai-ir-dar%C2%ADzai-prie-dau%C2%ADgia%C2%ADbu%C2%ADcio-ga%C2%ADli%C2%ADma-ar-ne/

Mukhija, V., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2015). Reading the informal city: Why and how to deepen planners’ understanding of informality. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(4), 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456x15591586

Nacionalinė žemės tarnyba. (2024). ORT10LT - Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijos M 1:10 000 skaitmeninis rastrinis ortofotografinis žemėlapis.

Naglienė, J. (2023, May 8). Miesto lysvės vis dar neužleidžia savo pozicijų. Žemaičio laikraštis. https://www.zemaiciolaikrastis.lt/aktualijos/miesto-lysves-vis-dar-neuzleidzia-savo-poziciju

Pikner, T., Willman, K., & Jokinen, A. (2020). Urban commoning as a vehicle between government institutions and informality: Collective gardening practices in Tampere and Narva. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 44(4), 711–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12877

Plungės rajono savivaldybės administracijos direktorius. (2024). Plungės miesto bendrojo plano keitimas. UAB CityForm LT.

Poljak Istenič, S., Šmid Hribar, M., & Kozina, J. (2023). Nexus of urban gardening and social sustainability in European post-socialist cities. In P. Droege (Ed.), Urban and regional agriculture: Building resilient food systems (pp. 179–205). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820286-9.00013-3

Polkaitė-Petkevičienė, G., & Černiauskas, N. (2017). Urbanizacija 1918–1940 metais: Modernaus miesto ženklai Lietuvoje. Lietuvos istorijos studijos, 39, 64–83. https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2017.39.10763

Prilenska, V., Paadam, K., & Liias, R. (2020). Challenges of civic engagement in the (post-socialist) transitional society: Experiences from waterfront urban areas Mezapark in Riga and Kalarand in Tallinn. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 44(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2020.12223

Račaitytė-Kučiauskienė, K. (2022). Kauniečių tapatybė ir atmintis: gyvenančiųjų sovietmečio rajonuose naratyvai (XX a. vidurys – XXI a. pradžia) [Doctoral dissertation, Vytautas Magnus University]. VDU CRIS. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12259/244224

Rogers, D. (2020). Understanding urbanism. In D. Rogers, A. Keane, T. Alizadeh, & J. Nelson (Eds.), Understanding urbanism (pp. 1–13). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4386-9_1

Ruibienė, L. (2023, September 8). Du kaimynai per darželį nesueina. Žemaičio laikraštis. https://www.zemaiciolaikrastis.lt/aktualijos/du-kaimynai-darzeli-nesueina

Silva, P. (2016). Tactical urbanism: Towards an evolutionary cities’ approach? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 43(6), 1040–1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813516657340

Sinkienė, J., Doğan, H. A., Zaleckis, K., Vitkuvienė, J., Gražulevičiūtė-Vileniškė, I., Tranavičiūtė, B., & Grunskis, T. (2018). Potential for transformation of urban open public spaces in modernist multi-apartment districts in Lithuania. Architecture and Urban Planning, 14(1), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.2478/aup-2018-0017

Slavuj Borčić, L. S., Cvitanović, M., & Lukić, A. (2016). Cultivating alternative spaces – Zagreb’s community gardens in transition: From socialist to post-socialist perspective. Geoforum, 77, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.10.010

Soja, E. W. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Wiley-Blackwell.

Soja, E. W., & Scott, A. J. (1986). Los Angeles: capital of the late twentieth century. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 4(3), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1068/d040249

Sovová, L., & Krylová, R. (2019). The countryside in the city? Rural-urban dynamics in allotment gardens in Brno, Czech Republic. Moravian Geographical Reports, 27(2), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2019-0009

Speaks, M. (2005). Every day is not enough. In R. Mehrotra (Ed.), Everyday Urbanism: Michigan debates on urbanism (Vol. 1, pp. 34–45). University of Michigan, Taubman College of Architecture.

Statistikos departamentas. (1991). 1989 m. visuotinio gyventojų surašymo duomenys. Statistikos departamentas.

Statistikos departamentas. (2001). Lietuvos statistikos metraštis 2001. Statistikos departamentas.

Šimkutė, E., & Lukošiūnaitė, R. (2018). Šilainių sodai: karinio paveldo priėmimas ir pritaikymas vietos bendruomenės reikmėms. Kaunas.

Šiupšinskas, M., Saladžinskaitė, I., & Žadeikytė, R. (2016). Kolektyvinio sodo idėja ir jos materializacija Lietuvoje. Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis, 8(1), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.3846/mla.2016.878

Talen, E. (2014). Do-it-Yourself urbanism. Journal of Planning History, 14(2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513214549325

Tornaghi, C. (2019). Community gardening. In A. M. Orum (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of urban and regional studies. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0057

Tranavičiūtė, B. (2020). Historical review of modernization of three Lithuanian cities in 1918–1990. In K. Zaleckis, B. Tranavičiūtė, T. Grunskis, I. Gražulevičiūtė-Villeniškė, J. Vitkuvienė, J. Sinkienė, & H. A. Doğan (Eds.), Modernization of public spaces in Lithuanian cities (pp. 5–132). Sciendo. https://doi.org/10.1515/9788395793875-002

Valstybės duomenų agentūra. (2021). 2021 m. surašymas. Oficialiosios statistikos portalas. https://osp.stat.gov.lt/gyventoju-ir-bustu-surasymai1

Vanagas, J., Krišjane, Z., Noorkoiv, R., & Staniūnas, E. (2002). Planning urban systems in Soviet times and in the era of transition: The case of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Geographia Polonica, 75(2), 75–100.

Vasiliauskaitė-Dančenkovienė, S. (2020, June 6). Aistras kursto savavališka daržininkystė. Ukmergės žinios. https://www.ukzinios.lt/aistras-kursto-savavaliska-darzininkyste/

Veen, E. J. (2015). Community gardens in urban areas: A critical reflection on the extent to which they strengthen social cohesion and provide alternative food [Doctoral dissertation, Wageningen University]. Wageningen University & Research. https://doi.org/10.18174/345279

VĮ „Registrų centras“. (2025). Kadastrinių žemės sklypų geografinių duomenų bazė, suformuota iš VĮ „Registrų centras“ teikiamų atvirų Kadastrinių žemės sklypų. Vilnius.

Vilniaus miesto savivaldybė. (2019). Miesto daržininkystė. Vilnius.

Vilniaus miesto savivaldybė. (2021). Bendrasis planas 2021. Maps Vilnius. https://maps.vilnius.lt/map/bendrasis-planas

Vilniaus miesto savivaldybė. (2024). Teritorijos Grigiškių seniūnijoje, esančios ties Afindevičių gatve, sutvarkymo projektas. https://vilnius.lt/rest/assets/c119ceb8-ad48-49bf-92e9-7ef1b38f072d

Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1086/217913

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2026-01-16

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Gedvilas, A., & Krupickaitė, D. (2026). Everyday Urbanism in Lithuanian towns: the case of old community gardens in Grigiškės and Plungė. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 50(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2026.23661

Share