Adapting the 15-minute city model in Cairo: mobility challenges and opportunities

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2025.23156

Abstract

The 15-minute city model, a visionary approach to urban planning, envisions neighbourhoods where residents can access all essential daily needs – work, education, healthcare, shopping, and leisure –within a 15-minute walk or bike ride. This study assesses the challenges and opportunities of implementing the 15-minute city model in Downtown Cairo, Egypt. The study examines the current state of public spaces, transportation, and walkability in the area through ethnographic research, including extensive field observations and frequent attendance at design workshops with developers, as well as numerous site visits and in-depth semi-structured interviews with diverse stakeholders. Stakeholders included the developer of the Cairo House project, the Cairo Bike project manager, urban researchers, tourists, residents and business owners within the study area. Data were analysed using thematic coding to identify recurring patterns and conflicting perspectives. The findings reveal significant challenges, including traffic congestion, limited public spaces, and inadequate pedestrian and cycling infrastructure. The study explores potential solutions, including enhancing public transportation, creating safe and accessible environments for pedestrians and cyclists, promoting mixed-use development, and developing vibrant and accessible public spaces. The main findings underscore the significance of community engagement and participatory planning in ensuring the successful and equitable implementation of the 15-minute city model within this unique and historic urban context.

Keywords:

bike-ability, proximity, urban form, street network, urban planning and design, x-minute city

How to Cite

Omar, M., Ashour, M. A., Serag, Y., & Elshater, A. (2025). Adapting the 15-minute city model in Cairo: mobility challenges and opportunities. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 49(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2025.23156

Share

Published in Issue
July 22, 2025
Abstract Views
15

References

Abd Elaziz, K. M., Gabal, M. S., Aldafrawy, O. A., Abou Seif, H. A.-A., & Allam, M. F. (2014). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors among voluntary screened middle-aged and elderly Egyptians. Journal of Public Health, 37(4), 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdu097

Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2020). COVID-19 challenge, information technologies, and smart cities: Considerations for well-being. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 3, 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00068-5

Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. (2022). Examining similarity indicators in six planned capital cities from Africa and Asia: A qualitative research technique. City, Territory and Architecture, 9(1), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-022-00181-2

Abusaada, H., Elshater, A., & Rashed, R. (2023). Exploring the singularity of smart cities in the New Administrative Capital City, Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14(9), Article 102087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.102087

Allam, Z., Bibri, S. E., Chabaud, D., & Moreno, C. (2022). The theoretical, practical, and technological foundations of the 15-minute city model: Proximity and its environmental, social and economic benefits for sustainability. Energies, 15(16), Article 6042. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166042

Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., Pratlong, F., & Moreno, C. (2023). Financing the 15-minute city concept and its infrastructural ecosystem in developing nations through fiscal mechanisms. In Resilient and sustainable cities (pp. 121–133). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91718-6.00008-6

Allam, Z., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Lassaube, U., Chabaud, D., & Moreno, C. (2024). Mapping the implementation practices of the 15-minute city. Smart Cities, 7(4), 2094–2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040083

Badawy, O. A., Khalifa, M. A., & Elshater, A. (2024). City identity and singularity: People’s preferences about development projects in Cairo. Open House International, 49(2), 264–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-03-2023-0044

Caselli, B., Carra, M., Rossetti, S., & Zazzi, M. (2022). Exploring the 15-minute neighbourhoods. An evaluation based on the walkability performance to public facilities. Transportation Research Procedia, 60, 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.12.045

Chen, M., Sui, Y., Liu, W., Liu, H., & Huang, Y. (2019). Urbanization patterns and poverty reduction: A new perspective to explore the countries along the Belt and Road. Habitat International, 84, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.12.001

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.

Creswell, J., & Poth, C. (2028). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.

Croci, E., & Rossi, D. (2014). Optimizing the position of bike sharing stations. The Milan case. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2461179

Eldaidamony, M., Shetawy, A. A. A., Serag, Y., & Elshater, A. (2019a). Adapting geographies of gentrification in Egypt: Lesson learned from Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis. In D. Hawkes, H. Bougdah, F. Rosso, N. Cavalagli, M. Y. M. Ghoneem, C. Alalouch, & N. Mohareb (Eds.), Conservation of architectural heritage (pp. 49–63). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10871-7_5

Eldaidamony, M., Shetawy, A. A. A., Serag, Y., & Elshater, A. (2019b). Applying the gentrification indicators in Heliopolis district. In D. Hawkes, H. Bougdah, F. Rosso, N. Cavalagli, M. Y. M. Ghoneem, C. Alalouch, & N. Mohareb (Eds.), Conservation of architectural heritage (pp. 65–76). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10871-7_6

El-Husseiny, M. (2022). Spaces of the maybe: Fragments as new urban possibilities in Cairo’s extended urbanisation. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 18(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2022.2137686

Elshater, A. (2016). The ten-minute neighborhood is [not] a basic planning unit for happiness in Egypt. Archnet-IJAR, 10(1), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i1.878

Elshater, A., & Abusaada, H. (2022a). From uniqueness to singularity through city prestige. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Urban Design and Planning, 175(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00046

Elshater, A., & Abusaada, H. (2022b). People’s absence from public places: academic research in the post-covid-19 era. Urban Geography, 43(8), 1268–1275. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2022.2072079

Forciniti, C., & Eboli, L. (2023). What makes a pedestrian path pleasant? Analysis of young pedestrians’ perceptions. Urban Science, 7(2), Article 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020044

Gaglione, F., Gargiulo, C., Zucaro, F., & Cottrill, C. (2021). 15-minute neighbourhood accessibility: A comparison between Naples and London. European Transport/Trasporti Europei, (85), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.48295/ET.2021.85.5

Gonzalez-Urango, H., Pira, M. Le, Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M., & García-Melón, M. (2020). Designing walkable streets in congested touristic cities: The case of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Transportation Research Procedia, 45, 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.021

Gössling, S. (2013). Urban transport transitions: Copenhagen, City of Cyclists. Journal of Transport Geography, 33, 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.10.013

Hu, R. (2013). Urban design plans for downtown San Francisco: A paradigm shift? Journal of Urban Design, 18(4), 517–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.824366

Isaac, C. (2024). An integral sustainable design framework to evaluate transferability of the 15-minute city to developing cities: The case of Blantyre, Malawi. In A. Battisti, C. Piselli, E. J. Strauss, E. Dobjani, & S. Kristo (Eds.), Greening our cities: Sustainable urbanism for a greener future (pp. 153–182). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49495-6_12

Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Sharifi, A., Hajian Hossein Abadi, M., & Moradi, Z. (2023). From garden city to 15-minute city: A historical perspective and critical assessment. Land, 12(2), Article 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020512

Lima, F. T., & Costa, F. (2023). The quest for proximity: A systematic review of computational approaches towards 15-minute cities. Architecture, 3(3), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture3030021

Logan, T. M., Hobbs, M. H., Conrow, L. C., Reid, N. L., Young, R. A., & Anderson, M. J. (2022). The x-minute city: Measuring the 10, 15, 20-minute city and an evaluation of its use for sustainable urban design. Cities, 131, Article 103924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103924

Mackiewicz, J. (2018). Writing center talk over time. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429469237

McNeil, N. (2011). Bikeability and the 20-min neighborhood. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2247(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.3141/2247-07

Megahed, G., Elshater, A., Afifi, S., & Elrefaie, M. A. (2024). Reconceptualizing proximity measurement approaches through the urban discourse on the x-minute city. Sustainability, 16(3), Article 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031303

Moos, M., Vinodrai, T., Revington, N., & Seasons, M. (2018). Planning for mixed use: Affordable for whom? Journal of the American Planning Association, 84(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1406315

Moreno, D. P., Hernández, A. A., Yang, M. C., Otto, K. N., Hölttä-Otto, K., Linsey, J. S., Wood, K. L., & Linden, A. (2014). Fundamental studies in design-by-analogy: A focus on domain-knowledge experts and applications to transactional design problems. Design Studies, 35(3), 232–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.11.002

Newman, L. L., & Burnett, K. (2013). Street food and vibrant urban spaces: Lessons from Portland, Oregon. Local Environment, 18(2), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.729572

Papadopoulos, E., Sdoukopoulos, A., & Politis, I. (2023). Measuring compliance with the 15-minute city concept: State-of-the-art, major components and further requirements. Sustainable Cities and Society, 99, Article 104875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104875

Parekh, D. P. (2024). 15-minute cities: A systems thinking analysis of a new urban development framework. In G. Siew, Z. Allam, & A. Cheshmehzangi (Eds.), Diversity as catalyst: Economic growth and urban resilience in global cityscapes (pp. 89–104). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8776-0_5

Plasencia-Lozano, P., Pantiga-Facal, E., & Méndez-Manjón, I. (2024). Methodology for planning short-term urban bike lane networks; an example of downtown Gijón. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Urban Design and Planning, 177(2), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.23.00031

Pozoukidou, G., & Chatziyiannaki, Z. (2021). 15-minute city: Decomposing the new urban planning Eutopia. Sustainability, 13(2), Article 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020928

Raslan, E., Khalifa, M., & Elshater, A. (2019). The correlation between arts and development: The case of Downtown Cairo. In Conference: Architecture and Urbanism (pp. 425–438), Cairo.

Rhoads, D., Solé-Ribalta, A., & Borge-Holthoefer, J. (2023). The inclusive 15-minute city: Walkability analysis with sidewalk networks. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 100, Article 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101936

Rao, F., Kong, Y., Ng, K. H., Xie, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2024). Unravelling the spatial arrangement of the 15-minute city: A comparative study of Shanghai, Melbourne, and Portland. Planning Theory & Practice, 25(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2024.2350948

Robertson, K. A. (1993). Pedestrianization strategies for downtown planners: Skywalks versus pedestrian malls. Journal of the American Planning Association, 59(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369308975887

Speck, J. (2023). Walkable city: How downtown can save America, one step at a time.

Teixeira, J. F., Silva, C., Seisenberger, S., Büttner, B., McCormick, B., Papa, E., & Cao, M. (2024). Classifying 15-minute cities: A review of worldwide practices. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 189, Article 104234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104234

Vedel, S. E., Jacobsen, J. B., & Skov-Petersen, H. (2017). Bicyclists’ preferences for route characteristics and crowding in Copenhagen – A choice experiment study of commuters. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 100, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.006

Wang, J., Kwan, M. P., Liu, D., & Peng, X. (2023). Assessing the spatial distribution of and inequality in 15-minute PCR test site accessibility in Beijing and Guangzhou, China. Applied Geography, 154, Article 102925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.102925

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2025-07-22

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Omar, M., Ashour, M. A., Serag, Y., & Elshater, A. (2025). Adapting the 15-minute city model in Cairo: mobility challenges and opportunities. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 49(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2025.23156

Share