The landscape in Claude Parent’s nuclear power plants
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2026.21017Abstract
Nuclear power plants constitute a type of energy infrastructure that began to colonize the landscape following the oil crisis. The year 1974 marked a turning point in the conception of these large-scale engineering works. Until then, their design and siting strategies were driven by technical considerations determined by teams of engineers dedicated to ensuring their operability and safety. With the emergence of growing social awareness regarding environmental protection and the degradation of natural landscapes, corporations within the nuclear sector, such as Électricité de France, promoted research on landscape as a complement to the technical dimension, entrusting architects such as Claude Parent. In the current context, the climate crisis has once again placed nuclear power plants at the centre of political and energy debates. This article not only seeks to shed light on the largely overlooked research conducted by the French architect through an exploration and contextualization of his work but also aims to address more broadly the evolution of conceptions of the landscape associated with these installations.
Keywords:
Claude Parent, nuclear power plant, architecture, landscape, productive landscape, energy productionHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Alberti, S., Bell, W., Bud, R., Carpenter, E., Carpenter, O., Cocroft, W., Dittman, F., Greatorex, P. Gunn, J., Harrison, R., Hogg, J., Kemp, S., Molyneux-Hodgson, S., Ross, L., Storm, A., & Verma, A. (2019). Nuclear cultural heritage: Position statement (E. Rindzevičiūtė (Ed.), (AHRC Research Networking Project, AH/S001301/1). Kingston University. https://rindzeviciute.wordpress.com/nuclear-cultural-heritage/
Bélanger, P. (2017). Landscape as infrastructure: A base primer. Routledge.
Blake, A., Karpenko, V. N., McCauley, E. W., & Walter, C. E. (1973). A concept for underground siting of nuclear power reactors (Report No. UCRL—51408). Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. University of California. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1033550
Bradford, P. (2012). The nuclear landscape. Nature, 483, 151–152. https://doi.org/10.1038/483151a
Buchanan, J. R. (1976). Siting of nuclear facilities. Selections form nuclear safety (Report No. ORNL/NUREG/NSIC-118). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1445593/
Burnham, J., Karr, M. H., Wilfert, G. L., Maynard, W. S., Nealey, S. M., Jones, G., Jones, I., Gray, B., Parker, N., Coe, J., & Geitner, N. (1974). A technique for environmental decision making using quantified social and aesthetic values (Report No. BNWL—1787). Pacific Northwest Laboratory. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1021581/
Carpenter, E. (2016). The nuclear culture source book. Black Dog Publishing.
Corboz, A. (1983). The land as Palimpsest. Diogenes, 31(121), 12–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/039219218303112102
Corbusier, L. (1923). Vers une architecture [Towards an architecture]. G. Crès et Cie.
Council of Europe. (2000). Council of Europe Landscape Convention (ETS No. 176). https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/-/council-of-europe-european-landscape-convention-ets-no-176-translations
Crowe, S. (1958). The landscape of power. The Architectural Press.
David, K., & Robb, E. (1967, April 3–7). Nuclear plant siting in the United States of America. In Proceedings of a Symposium Containment and Siting of Nuclear Power Plants (pp. 3–18). International Atomic Energy Agency.
Di Capua, D. (2012). La nucleaire et la ville. Un programme pour la reconversion de la centrale nucléaire d’Indian Point (NY, USA) [Nuclear power and the city. A Programme for the conversion of the Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant] [Master thesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland].
Dovydaitytė, L. (2022). (Re)Imagining the nuclear in Lithuania following the shutdown of the Ignalina nuclear power plant. Journal of Baltic Studies, 53(3), 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2022.2072919
Dufau, P. (1989). Un architecte qui voulait être architecte [An architect who wanted to be an architect]. Londreys.
Foster, N. (2022). The nuclear option. Arquitectura Viva, 246, 19–21.
Freud, S. (1927). Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the psychic lives of savages and neurotics. New Republic.
Gonzalvo, C. (2025a). Restos nucleares [Nuclear remnants]. Ediciones Asimétricas.
Gonzalvo, C. (2025b). The mark of water on Spain’s Vandellòs nuclear power plant. In P. Högselius & S. Evens (Eds.), The Nuclear-Water Nexus (pp. 137–151). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15572.003.0017
Gray, B., Ady, J., & Jones, G. (1979, April 23–25). Evolution of a visual impact model to evaluate nuclear plant siting and design option. In G. H. Elsner & R. C. Smardon (Eds.), Proceedings of the National Conference on Applied Techniques for Analysis and Management of the Visual Resource (pp. 491–498). Berkeley, CA. Pacific Southwest Research Station.
Hecht, G. (2014a). Being nuclear: Africans and the global uranium trade. The MIT Press.
Hecht, G. (2014b). Techno politique du nucléaire [Technopolitics of nuclear power]. Rdl La Revue des Libres, 11, 3–16.
Hecht, G. (2015). Le rayonnement de la France: Energie nucléaire et identité nationale après la Seconde Guerra Mondiales [The influence of France: Nuclear energy and national identity after the second world war]. Éditions Amsterdam.
Högselius, P., & Evens, S. (2025). The nuclear-water nexus. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15572.001.0001
Hug, M. (n.d.). Une nouvelle architecture [A new architecture]. In C. Parent (Ed.), L’Architecture Nucléaire (p. 4). [Unpublished manuscript]. Courtesy of Claude Parent Archives.
International Atomic Energy Agency. (1967). Containment and Siting of Nuclear Power Plants. Proceedings of the Symposium. https://inis.iaea.org/records/4fveq-xvg28
Jones, G. R. (2007). Grant Jones / Jones & Jones. Ilaris: The Puget Sound Plan. Princeton Architectural Press.
Keating, T. P., & Storm, A. (2023). Nuclear memory: Archival, aesthetic, speculative. Progress in Environmental Geography, 2(1–2), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/27539687231174242
Krohn, F. (2012). Kärnkrafverkets poetik. Begreppsliggöranden av svenska kärnkraftverk 1965–1973 [The poetics of nuclear power plants. Conceptualizations of Swedish nuclear power plants, 1965–1973] [Thesis, Stockholms Universitet].
Le Ngoc, B. (2021, September 28). Claude Parent: L’architecte du nucléaire [Claude Parent: The architect of nuclear power]. Sfen. www.sfen.org/rgn/claude-parent-architecte-nucleaire/
Marx, L. (1964). The machine in the garden. Oxford University Press.
Nixon, R. (1970, January 1). Statement about the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The American Presidency Project. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-about-the-national-environmental-policy-act-1969
Parent, C. (n.d.). L’Architecture Nucléaire [Nuclear architecture] [Unpublished manuscript]. Courtesy of Claude Parent Archives.
Parent, C. (1976). L’architecte Claude Parent et les centrales nucléaires [The architect Claude Parent and nuclear power plants]. Werk, 4, 241–248.
Parent, C. (1978). L’architecture et le nucléaire [Architecture and nuclear power]. Editions du Moniteur.
Parent, C. (1983). Les maisons de l’atome [The houses of the atom]. Éditions du Moniteur.
Parent, C. (1989). L’impact esthétique des centrales [The Aesthetic impact of power plants]. Aménagement et Nature, 94, 5.
Parent, C. (1991). Centrales nucléaires: Le choc [Nuclear power plants: The shock]. Bulletin d’histoire de l’électricite, 17, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.3406/helec.1991.1154
Parent, C., & Bouvier, Y. (2005). Architecture et paysage du nucléaire: La centrale crée le site [Nuclear architecture and landscape: The plant creates the site]. Annales Historiques de l’Électricité, 1, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.3917/ahe.003.0007
Parent, C. (2007). Eoliennes et Paysage [Wind turbines and landscape]. In M. Folliasson (Ed.), Les éoliennes (pp. 29–31). Institut de France. Académie des Beaux-Arts.
Parent, C. (2014). Les totems de l’atome [The totems of the atome]. Editions B2.
Pasqualetti, M. (2012). Reading the changing energy landscape. In S. Stremke & A. van den Dobbelsteen (Eds.), Sustainable energy landscapes. Designing, planning, and development (pp. 11–44). CRC Press.
Pesci, J. (2015). Domestiquer l’atome. Claude Parent et le Collège des architectes du nucléaire, une épopée française, 1974–1982 [Domesticating the atom. Claude Parent and the college of nuclear architects: A French epic, 1974–1982] [Master thesis, ENSA Paris-Belleville, France].
Petrich, C. (1979, April 23–25). Aesthetic impact of a proposed power plant on an historical wilderness landscape. In G. H. Elsner, & R. C. Smardon (Eds.), Proceedings of the National Conference on Applied Techniques for Analysis and Management of the Visual Resource (pp. 477–484). Berkeley, CA. Pacific Southwest Research Station.
Picon, A. (1992). French architects and engineers in the age of enlightenment. Cambridge University Press.
Rastello, M. (2008). Entretien avec Claude Parent [Interview with Claude Parent]. Azimuts, 31, 69–74.
Reinhold, M. (2004). Environment, c. 1973. Grey Room, 14, 78–101. https://doi.org/10.1162/152638104322894912
Simonot, B. (2012). Claude Parent, el riesgo erigido en modo operativo [Claude Parent: Risk as an operational mode]. DC Revista de Crítica y Teoría de la Arquitectura, 23, 46–56.
Slovic, P., Flyn, J., Mertz, C. K., Mays, C., & Poumadere, M. (1999). Nuclear power and the public: A comparative study of risk perception in France and the United States. In O. Renn & B. Rohrmann (Eds.), Cross-cultural risk perception. A Survey of empirical studies (pp. 68–123). Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4891-8_2
Stierlin, H. (1976). Vers une architecture de l’âge nucléaire [Towards an architecture of the nuclear age]. Werk, 4, 240.
Szarkowski, J. (1963). The photographer and the American landscape. The Museum of Modern Art.
Topçu, S. (2007). Les physiciens dans le mouvement antinucléaire: Entre science, expertise et politique [Physicists in the anti-nuclear movement: Between science, expertise and policy]. Cahiers d’Histoire. Revue d’histoire critique, 102, 89–108. https://doi.org/10.4000/chrhc.214
Topçu, S. (2017). Comptes rendus [Reports]. Sociologie du Travail, 59(4), 245–276.
United States Atomic Energy Commission. (1969). Nuclear power and the environment. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001616910
United States Department of Agriculture. (1995). Landscape aesthetics: A handbook for scenery management. Forest Service.
Von Einsiedel, S., Weilacher, U., & Hersperger, A. (2025). Reading nuclear landscapes: A global typological investigation of nuclear power plant sites. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 19(2), 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2024.2463196
View article in other formats
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.