Forging connections: the social dynamics of “Death Stranding” as a paradigm shift in gaming
Abstract
This paper explores the video game Death Stranding as a shift in digital interactive media, emphasizing altruism, collaboration, and social connection in its gameplay. The close reading of the game focuses on features that diverge from traditional norms, pivoting towards a more empathetic, community-driven model and identifies five domains of analysis: narrative infrastructure; game mechanics; player-to-player interactions; player-to-NPC interactions; and player interactions as a social agent. The findings are discussed with the possibility of defining a new genre, named by the game’s creator as a “strand game” (Kojima, 2019a, 2019b). The analysis reveals Death Stranding’s ability to create a deeply immersive sense of unity among players, demonstrating the game’s potential as a model for future video games that prioritize positive social interactions and mutual support.
Keyword : video games, cooperative games, virtual worlds, Death Stranding
How to Cite
Bostan, B., & Şengün, S. (2023). Forging connections: the social dynamics of “Death Stranding” as a paradigm shift in gaming. New Trends in Computer Sciences, 1(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.3846/ntcs.2023.19412
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bizzocchi, J., & Tanenbaum, J. (2012). Mass effect 2: A case study in the design of game narrative. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 32(5), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467612463796
Booker, M. K. (1994). Dystopian literature: A theory and research guide. Greenwood Press.
Bogost, I. (2004). Asynchronous multiplay: Futures for casual multiplayer experience. Other Players, 6(8).
Bogost, I. (2005). The rhetoric of video games. In The ecology of games: connecting youth, games, and learning (pp. 117–140). MIT Press.
Bogost, I. (2007). Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5334.001.0001
Bostan, B. & Sezen, D. (2022). Player needs inventory (PNI): An analytical framework for analyzing player motives in video games. In Proceedings of The 23rd annual European GAME-ON® Conference (GAME‐ON®’2022) on Simulation and AI in Computer Games (pp. 41–47).
Carr, D. (2009). Textual analysis, digital games, zombies. In Proceedings of the DiGRA 2009 Conference.
Claeys, G. (2017). Dystopia: A natural history. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198785682.001.0001
Dolgov, I., Graves, W. J., Nearents, M. R., Schwark, J. D., & Brooks Volkman, C. (2014). Effects of cooperative gaming and avatar customization on subsequent spontaneous helping behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.028
Elson, M., Breuer, J., Ivory, J. D., & Quandt, T. (2014). More than stories with buttons: Narrative, mechanics, and context as determinants of player experience in digital games. Journal of Communication, 64, 521–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12096
Famitsu. (2019). Long-distance empathy: An interview with Hideo Kojima about DEATH STRANDING. https://www.famitsu.com/news/201911/02185866.html
Farca, G. (2018). Playing dystopia – Nightmarish worlds in video games and the player’s aesthetic response. Transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839445976
Fernandez-Vara, C. (2015). Introduction to game analysis. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203794777
FromSoftware. (2011). Dark Souls [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
FromSoftware. (2014). Dark Souls 2 [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
FromSoftware. (2016). Dark Souls 3 [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
Garcia, S., Ferguson, C. J., & Wang, C. K. J. (2022). Prosocial video game content, empathy and cognitive ability in a large sample of youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01512-1
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Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Ming L. K., Shibuya, A., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Bushmann, B. J., Huesmann, L. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2009). The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(6), 752–763. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209333045
Gault, M. (2019). ‘We’re not thinking about others’. What Hideo Kojima wants you to learn from Death Stranding. https://time.com/5722226/hideo-kojima-death-stranding/
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
Greitemeyer, T. (2013). Playing video games cooperatively increases empathic concern. Social Psychology, 44, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000154
Huizinga, J. (1950). Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. The Beacon Press.
Isaac, A. (2018). Ashen interview: Xbox one exclusivity, multiplayer, combat and more discussed. Gaming Bolt. https://gamingbolt.com/ashen-interview-xbox-one-exclusivity-multiplayer-combat-and-more-discussed
Isbister, K. (2016). How games move us: Emotion by design. Mit Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9267.001.0001
Kocurek, C. A. (2015). Who hearkens to the monster’s scream? Death, violence and the veil of the monstrous in video games. Visual Studies, 30(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2015.996402
Kojima, H. [@hideo_kojima_en]. (2019a, June 5). As I’m getting similar questions so I shall re-post. DS is not a stealth game. Could move subjectively but not a PFS shooting game either. By incorporating with the concept of connection(strand), it’s totally brand new genre called action game/strand game (social strand system) [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/HIDEO_KOJIMA_EN/status/1136074622711975936
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Kojima Productions. (2019). Death Stranding [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
Kunzelman, C. (2019). Death stranding’s hero is just a side character. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ne88g7/death-strandings-hero-is-just-a-side-character
MacDonald, K. (2010). Souls survivor. Director Hidetaka Miyazaki discusses the origins and ideology behind From Software’s masterpiece. Eurogamer. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/souls-survivor?page=3
Manninen, T. (2003). Interaction forms and communicative actions in multiplayer games. Game Studies, 3(1).
McNulty, T. (2020). Death stranding is more relevant now than ever. CBR. https://www.cbr.com/death-stranding-more-relevant-now/
Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of the untainted sky: Science fiction, utopia, dystopia. Westview Press.
Neto, A., Cardoso, P., & Carvalhais, M. (2020). Asynchronous interactions between players and game world. In International Conference on Design and Digital Communication (pp. 148–156). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61671-7_14
Nteali, R. E. (2015). Death in digital games: A thanatological approach. Antae Journal, 2, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2014.12.005
Outlaw, J. (2020). Asynchronous collaboration is motivating: The positive social experience of death stranding. Medium. https://medium.com/@jessica.outlaw/asynchronous-collaboration-is-motivating-the-positive-social-experience-of-death-stranding-5a2a5d2692fd
Plessis, C. du. (2018). Subverting utilitarian subject-object relations in video games: A philosophical analysis of Thatgamecompany’s Journey. South African Journal of Philosophy, 37(4), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532189
Reuter, C., Wendel, V., Göbel S., & Steinmetz, R. (2014). Game design patterns for collaborative player interactions. In DiGRA ‘14 – Proceedings of the 2014 DiGRA International Conference.
Riar, M., Morschheuser, B., Zarnekow, R., & Hamari, J. (2023). Altruism or egoism – how do game features motivate cooperation? An investigation into user we-intention and I-intention. Behaviour & Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2196581
Rocha, J. B., Mascarenhas, S., & Prada, R. (2008). Game mechanics for cooperative games. In Actas da conferência ZO. Digit. Games 2008 (pp. 73–80). Universidade do Minho, Porto, Portugal.
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 344–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
Saarenpää, H., Korhonen, H., & Paavilainen, J. (2009). Asynchronous gameplay in pervasive multiplayer mobile games. In CHI ‘09 Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 4213–4218). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1520340.1520642
El-Nasr, M. S., Aghabeigi, B., Milam, D., Erfani, M., Lameman, B., Maygoli, H., & Mah, S. (2010). Understanding and evaluating cooperative games. In Proceeding of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI’10 (pp. 253–262). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753363
Sicart, M. (2009). The ethics of computer game design. In Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games Conference. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012652.001.0001
Siu, K., Zook, A., & Riedl, M. O. (2014). Collaboration versus competition: Design and evaluation of mechanics for games with a purpose. In FDG 2014. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (pp. 14–22).
Spawforth, C., & Millard, D. E. (2017). A framework for multi-participant narratives based on multiplayer game interactions. In International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (pp. 150–162). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71027-3_13
Shoshani, A., & Krauskopf, M. (2021). The Fortnite social paradox: The effects of violent-cooperative multi-player video games on children’s basic psychological needs and prosocial behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, Article 106641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106641
Sliva, M. (2021). Death stranding is the defining game of 2020 (despite releasing in 2019). Escapist Magazine. https://www.escapistmagazine.com/v2/death-stranding-is-the-defining-game-of-2020-despite-releasing-in-2019/
Spokes, M. (2017). ‘War…war never changes’: Exploring explicit and implicit encounters with death in a post-apocalyptic gameworld. Mortality, 23, 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2017.1319348
Stenros, J., Paavilainen, J., & Mäyrä, F. (2009). The many faces of sociability and social play in games. In Proceedings of the 13th International MindTrek Conference: Everyday Life in the Ubiquitous Era (pp. 82–89). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1621841.1621857
Tanenbaum, J., & Bizzocchi, J. (2009). Close reading Oblivion: Character believability and intelligent personalization in games. Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association, 3, 524–541.
Thatgamecompany. (2012). Journey [Video game]. Los Angeles, CA.
Toups, Z. O., Hammer, J., Hamilton, W. A., Jarrah, A., Graves, W., & Garretson, O. (2014, October 19–21). A framework for cooperative communication game mechanics from grounded theory. In Proceedings of The First ACM SIGCHI Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (pp. 257–266). Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2658537.2658681
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books.
Winn, B. M., & Fisher, J. W. (2004). Design of communication, competition, and collaboration in online games. In Dipresentasikan Dalam Computer Game Technology Conference. Toronto, Canada.
Wintle, P. (2023). Mutants and zombies everywhere! Or villains, violence, and selfishness: Questions of humanity in the post-apocalyptic (pandemic) video game. Game and Culture, 15554120231182802. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120231182802
Zagal, J. P., Nussbaum, M., & Rosas, R. (2000). A model to support the design of multiplayer games. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 9(5), 448–462. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566943
Bizzocchi, J., & Tanenbaum, J. (2011). Well read: Applying close reading techniques to gameplay experiences. In D. Davidson (Ed.), Well played 3.0: Video games, value, and meaning (pp. 262–290). ETC-Press.
Bizzocchi, J., & Tanenbaum, J. (2012). Mass effect 2: A case study in the design of game narrative. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 32(5), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467612463796
Booker, M. K. (1994). Dystopian literature: A theory and research guide. Greenwood Press.
Bogost, I. (2004). Asynchronous multiplay: Futures for casual multiplayer experience. Other Players, 6(8).
Bogost, I. (2005). The rhetoric of video games. In The ecology of games: connecting youth, games, and learning (pp. 117–140). MIT Press.
Bogost, I. (2007). Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5334.001.0001
Bostan, B. & Sezen, D. (2022). Player needs inventory (PNI): An analytical framework for analyzing player motives in video games. In Proceedings of The 23rd annual European GAME-ON® Conference (GAME‐ON®’2022) on Simulation and AI in Computer Games (pp. 41–47).
Carr, D. (2009). Textual analysis, digital games, zombies. In Proceedings of the DiGRA 2009 Conference.
Claeys, G. (2017). Dystopia: A natural history. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198785682.001.0001
Dolgov, I., Graves, W. J., Nearents, M. R., Schwark, J. D., & Brooks Volkman, C. (2014). Effects of cooperative gaming and avatar customization on subsequent spontaneous helping behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.028
Elson, M., Breuer, J., Ivory, J. D., & Quandt, T. (2014). More than stories with buttons: Narrative, mechanics, and context as determinants of player experience in digital games. Journal of Communication, 64, 521–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12096
Famitsu. (2019). Long-distance empathy: An interview with Hideo Kojima about DEATH STRANDING. https://www.famitsu.com/news/201911/02185866.html
Farca, G. (2018). Playing dystopia – Nightmarish worlds in video games and the player’s aesthetic response. Transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839445976
Fernandez-Vara, C. (2015). Introduction to game analysis. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203794777
FromSoftware. (2011). Dark Souls [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
FromSoftware. (2014). Dark Souls 2 [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
FromSoftware. (2016). Dark Souls 3 [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
Garcia, S., Ferguson, C. J., & Wang, C. K. J. (2022). Prosocial video game content, empathy and cognitive ability in a large sample of youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01512-1
Gee, J. P. (2007). Good video games and good learning: Collected essays on video games, learning and literacy. Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1162-4
Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Ming L. K., Shibuya, A., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Bushmann, B. J., Huesmann, L. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2009). The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(6), 752–763. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209333045
Gault, M. (2019). ‘We’re not thinking about others’. What Hideo Kojima wants you to learn from Death Stranding. https://time.com/5722226/hideo-kojima-death-stranding/
Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
Greitemeyer, T. (2013). Playing video games cooperatively increases empathic concern. Social Psychology, 44, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000154
Huizinga, J. (1950). Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. The Beacon Press.
Isaac, A. (2018). Ashen interview: Xbox one exclusivity, multiplayer, combat and more discussed. Gaming Bolt. https://gamingbolt.com/ashen-interview-xbox-one-exclusivity-multiplayer-combat-and-more-discussed
Isbister, K. (2016). How games move us: Emotion by design. Mit Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9267.001.0001
Kocurek, C. A. (2015). Who hearkens to the monster’s scream? Death, violence and the veil of the monstrous in video games. Visual Studies, 30(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2015.996402
Kojima, H. [@hideo_kojima_en]. (2019a, June 5). As I’m getting similar questions so I shall re-post. DS is not a stealth game. Could move subjectively but not a PFS shooting game either. By incorporating with the concept of connection(strand), it’s totally brand new genre called action game/strand game (social strand system) [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/HIDEO_KOJIMA_EN/status/1136074622711975936
Kojima, H. [@hideo_kojima_en]. (2019b, June 6). The name of the new genre is not made by the creator but it comes after. I know that but I just like to name it as I did in my past titles. Calling it as Social Strand System is similar case when I called Tactical Espionage Action before it was categorized as Stealth Game [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/HIDEO_KOJIMA_EN/status/1136484766176333824
Kojima Productions. (2019). Death Stranding [Video game]. Tokyo, Japan.
Kunzelman, C. (2019). Death stranding’s hero is just a side character. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ne88g7/death-strandings-hero-is-just-a-side-character
MacDonald, K. (2010). Souls survivor. Director Hidetaka Miyazaki discusses the origins and ideology behind From Software’s masterpiece. Eurogamer. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/souls-survivor?page=3
Manninen, T. (2003). Interaction forms and communicative actions in multiplayer games. Game Studies, 3(1).
McNulty, T. (2020). Death stranding is more relevant now than ever. CBR. https://www.cbr.com/death-stranding-more-relevant-now/
Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of the untainted sky: Science fiction, utopia, dystopia. Westview Press.
Neto, A., Cardoso, P., & Carvalhais, M. (2020). Asynchronous interactions between players and game world. In International Conference on Design and Digital Communication (pp. 148–156). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61671-7_14
Nteali, R. E. (2015). Death in digital games: A thanatological approach. Antae Journal, 2, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2014.12.005
Outlaw, J. (2020). Asynchronous collaboration is motivating: The positive social experience of death stranding. Medium. https://medium.com/@jessica.outlaw/asynchronous-collaboration-is-motivating-the-positive-social-experience-of-death-stranding-5a2a5d2692fd
Plessis, C. du. (2018). Subverting utilitarian subject-object relations in video games: A philosophical analysis of Thatgamecompany’s Journey. South African Journal of Philosophy, 37(4), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2018.1532189
Reuter, C., Wendel, V., Göbel S., & Steinmetz, R. (2014). Game design patterns for collaborative player interactions. In DiGRA ‘14 – Proceedings of the 2014 DiGRA International Conference.
Riar, M., Morschheuser, B., Zarnekow, R., & Hamari, J. (2023). Altruism or egoism – how do game features motivate cooperation? An investigation into user we-intention and I-intention. Behaviour & Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2196581
Rocha, J. B., Mascarenhas, S., & Prada, R. (2008). Game mechanics for cooperative games. In Actas da conferência ZO. Digit. Games 2008 (pp. 73–80). Universidade do Minho, Porto, Portugal.
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 344–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
Saarenpää, H., Korhonen, H., & Paavilainen, J. (2009). Asynchronous gameplay in pervasive multiplayer mobile games. In CHI ‘09 Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 4213–4218). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1520340.1520642
El-Nasr, M. S., Aghabeigi, B., Milam, D., Erfani, M., Lameman, B., Maygoli, H., & Mah, S. (2010). Understanding and evaluating cooperative games. In Proceeding of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI’10 (pp. 253–262). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753363
Sicart, M. (2009). The ethics of computer game design. In Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games Conference. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012652.001.0001
Siu, K., Zook, A., & Riedl, M. O. (2014). Collaboration versus competition: Design and evaluation of mechanics for games with a purpose. In FDG 2014. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (pp. 14–22).
Spawforth, C., & Millard, D. E. (2017). A framework for multi-participant narratives based on multiplayer game interactions. In International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (pp. 150–162). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71027-3_13
Shoshani, A., & Krauskopf, M. (2021). The Fortnite social paradox: The effects of violent-cooperative multi-player video games on children’s basic psychological needs and prosocial behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, Article 106641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106641
Sliva, M. (2021). Death stranding is the defining game of 2020 (despite releasing in 2019). Escapist Magazine. https://www.escapistmagazine.com/v2/death-stranding-is-the-defining-game-of-2020-despite-releasing-in-2019/
Spokes, M. (2017). ‘War…war never changes’: Exploring explicit and implicit encounters with death in a post-apocalyptic gameworld. Mortality, 23, 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2017.1319348
Stenros, J., Paavilainen, J., & Mäyrä, F. (2009). The many faces of sociability and social play in games. In Proceedings of the 13th International MindTrek Conference: Everyday Life in the Ubiquitous Era (pp. 82–89). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1621841.1621857
Tanenbaum, J., & Bizzocchi, J. (2009). Close reading Oblivion: Character believability and intelligent personalization in games. Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association, 3, 524–541.
Thatgamecompany. (2012). Journey [Video game]. Los Angeles, CA.
Toups, Z. O., Hammer, J., Hamilton, W. A., Jarrah, A., Graves, W., & Garretson, O. (2014, October 19–21). A framework for cooperative communication game mechanics from grounded theory. In Proceedings of The First ACM SIGCHI Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (pp. 257–266). Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2658537.2658681
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books.
Winn, B. M., & Fisher, J. W. (2004). Design of communication, competition, and collaboration in online games. In Dipresentasikan Dalam Computer Game Technology Conference. Toronto, Canada.
Wintle, P. (2023). Mutants and zombies everywhere! Or villains, violence, and selfishness: Questions of humanity in the post-apocalyptic (pandemic) video game. Game and Culture, 15554120231182802. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120231182802
Zagal, J. P., Nussbaum, M., & Rosas, R. (2000). A model to support the design of multiplayer games. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 9(5), 448–462. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566943