Critical risk factors for mobile crane safety in hong kong via a mixed-methods study
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2026.27814Abstract
Mobile crane accidents in Hong Kong, particularly those involving civil and road works, often result in fatalities, with the most common type being workers struck by falling or flying objects. This study adopted a mixed analysis process to identify critical risk factors for mobile crane safety and formulate effective safety recommendations in Hong Kong. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 509 construction workers to identify critical risk factors affecting mobile crane safety, followed by risk factors ranking by severity index analysis. Focus group meetings were conducted among 11 senior experts to validate these critical risk factors and to propose practical strategies to reduce the risk of mobile cranes in Hong Kong. It is found that communication during lifting operations, crane operator safety awareness, and main contractor safety management are the major critical risk factors for mobile crane safety. The mechanisms underlying these factors are discussed, along with practical recommendations to mitigate safety issues related to mobile cranes in Hong Kong, emphasizing communication, training, safety culture, and regulation updates. These findings highlight crucial areas for intervention, providing a roadmap to enhance safety within the construction industry, ultimately aiming to reduce accidents and improve overall operational safety.
Keywords:
mobile crane, Rasmussen’s risk management framework, risk factors, questionnaire survey, focus groupHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Afshari, D., Mazloumi, A., Nourollahi-Darabad, M., Saraji, G. N., & Foroushani, A. R. (2021). Effect of neck posture on cervicothoracic loads in overhead crane operators. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 27(1), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1458436
Al Qudah, S. M. A., Fuentes-Bargues, J. L., & Ferrer-Gisbert, P. S. (2024). Bibliometric analysis of the literature on risk management in the construction sector: Exploring current and future trends. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(8), Article 102843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.102843
Al-Humaidi, H. M., & Tan, F. H. (2009). Mobile crane safe operation approach to prevent electrocution using fuzzy-set logic models. Advances in Engineering Software, 40(8), 686–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2008.11.016
An, S. H. (2022). Analysis of factors behind human error in fatal construction accidents using the m-SHEL model. Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction, 22(4), 415–423.
An, J., Wu, M., She, J., & Terano, T. (2018). Re-optimization strategy for truck crane lift-path planning. Automation in Construction, 90, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.02.029
Araya, H., Kakuzen, M., Kinugawa, H., & Arai, T. (2004). Level luffing control system for crawler cranes. Automation in Construction, 13(5), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.04.011
Beavers, J. E., Moore, J. R., Rinehart, R., & Schriver, W. R. (2006). Crane-related fatalities in the construction industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(9), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:9(901)
Chae, S., & Yoshida, T. (2010). Application of RFID technology to prevention of collision accident with heavy equipment. Automation in Construction, 19(3), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.12.008
Chan, A. P., Wong, F. K., Hon, C. K., & Choi, T. N. (2018). A Bayesian network model for reducing accident rates of electrical and mechanical (E&M) work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), Article 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112496
Chen, Y., Okudan, G. E., & Riley, D. R. (2010). Sustainable performance criteria for construction method selection in concrete buildings. Automation in Construction, 19(2), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.10.004
Chen, J., Fang, Y., & Cho, Y. K. (2017). Real-time 3D crane workspace update using a hybrid visualization approach. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 31(5), Article 04017049. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000698
El-Sayegh, S. M., & Mansour, M. H. (2015). Risk assessment and allocation in highway construction projects in the UAE. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(6), Article 04015004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000365
Esmaeili, R., Ali Babaei, A., & Monazami Tehrani, G. (2021). Relationship between safety investment and safety performance indices considering the project hazard level in construction industry. Journal of Health and Safety at Work, 11(2), 327–352.
Fang, Y., & Cho, Y. K. (2017). Effectiveness analysis from a cognitive perspective for a real-time safety assistance system for mobile crane lifting operations. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143(4), Article 05016025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001258
Fang, Y., Cho, Y. K., & Chen, J. (2016). A framework for real-time pro-active safety assistance for mobile crane lifting operations. Automation in Construction, 72, 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.025
Feng, Y. (2013). Effect of safety investments on safety performance of building projects. Safety Science, 59, 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.04.004
Feng, Q., Wang, K., Feng, Y., Shi, X., Rao, Y., & Wei, J. (2023). Incentives for promoting safety in the Chinese construction industry. Buildings, 13(6), Article 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061446
Galindo, J. G., Vazquez, J. E., Fox, C., & Desplain, O. (2013, June). Improvement in mechanical lifting safety performance through a supervisor training program. In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability Symposium (Article SPE-165643), Lima, Peru. SPE. https://doi.org/10.2118/165643-MS
Gelo, O., Braakmann, D., & Benetka, G. (2008). Quantitative and qualitative research: Beyond the debate. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 42(3), 266–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-008-9078-3
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2024). IBM SPSS Statistics 29 step by step: A simple guide and reference (18th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032622156
Goncalves Filho, A. P., Waterson, P., & Jun, G. T. (2021). Improving accident analysis in construction–Development of a contributing factor classification framework and evaluation of its validity and reliability. Safety Science, 140, Article 105303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105303
Guo, B. H., Goh, Y. M., & Wong, K. L. X. (2018). A system dynamics view of a behavior-based safety program in the construction industry. Safety Science, 104, 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.01.014
Guo, H., Zhou, Y., Pan, Z., Zhang, Z., Yu, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). Automated selection and localization of mobile cranes in construction planning. Buildings, 12(5), Article 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050580
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). England Pearson Prentice.
Hamid, A. R. A., Azhari, R., Zakaria, R., Aminudin, E., Jaya, R. P., Nagarajan, L., & Yunus, R. (2019). Causes of crane accidents at construction sites in Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 220, Article 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/220/1/012028
Han, S., Bouferguene, A., Al-Hussein, M., & Hermann, U. (2017). 3D-based crane evaluation system for mobile crane operation selection on modular-based heavy construction sites. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143(9), Article 04017060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001360
Han, S. H., Hasan, S., Bouferguène, A., Al-Hussein, M., & Kosa, J. (2015). Utilization of 3D visualization of mobile crane operations for modular construction on-site assembly. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(5), Article 04014080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000317
Han, S., Hasan, S., Bouferguene, A., Al-Hussein, M., & Kosa, J. (2018). An integrated decision support model for selecting the most feasible crane at heavy construction sites. Automation in Construction, 87, 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.12.009
He, W., Lin, Z., Li, W., Wong, C. J., Kong, D., & Loh, W. E. (2025). The comprehensive safety assessment method for complex construction crane accidents based on scenario analysis – A case study of crane accidents. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 199, Article 110716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.110716
Hong Kong Labour Department. (2024). Occupational safety and health statistics 2024. https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/mini-site/site-safety/common/resources/article/pdf/publications/performance-statistics/PDF/en_10.pdf
Hong Kong Labour Department. (2025). Occupational safety and health. https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/osh/content10.htm
Hung, W. H., Liu, C. W., Liang, C. J., & Kang, S. C. (2016). Strategies to accelerate the computation of erection paths for construction cranes. Automation in Construction, 62, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.10.008
Hwang, S. (2012). Ultra-wide band technology experiments for real-time prevention of tower crane collisions. Automation in Construction, 22, 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2011.11.015
Im, S., & Park, D. (2020). Crane safety standards: Problem analysis and safety assurance planning. Safety Science, 127, Article 104686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104686
Ji, Y., & Leite, F. (2018). Automated tower crane planning: Leveraging 4-dimensional BIM and rule-based checking. Automation in Construction, 93, 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.05.003
Kan, C., Fang, Y., Anumba, C. J., & Messner, J. I. (2018). A cyber–physical system (CPS) for planning and monitoring mobile cranes on construction sites. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Management, Procurement and Law, 171(6), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmapl.17.00042
Kargar, V., Jahangiri, M., Alimohammadlu, M., Kamalinia, M., & Mirazahossieninejad, M. (2022). Risk assessment of mobile crane overturning in Asymmetric Tandem Lifting (ATL) operation based on fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA). Results in Engineering, 16, Article 100755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100755
Kim, S., & Kang, C. (2022). Analysis of the complex causes of death accidents due to mobile cranes using a modified MEPS method: Focusing on South Korea. Sustainability, 14(5), Article 2948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052948
King, R. A. (2012). Analysis of crane and lifting accidents in North America from 2004 to 2010 [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73792
Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications.
Lai, K. C., & Kang, S. C. (2009). Collision detection strategies for virtual construction simulation. Automation in Construction, 18(6), 724–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.02.006
Lee, Y., & Jung, K. (2022). Analysis of perceived accident causes and special training status for safety of crane operation. Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science, 24(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.12812/ksms.2022.24.1.091
Lee, C. K., & Foo, M. Y. (2022). Risk attitudes and the big five personality traits: A study on construction project practitioners in Malaysia. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(13), 2435–2445. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1793506
Lee, J., Phillips, I., & Lynch, Z. (2022). Causes and prevention of mobile crane-related accidents in South Korea. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(1), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2020.1775384
Li, R., Chi, H. L., Peng, Z., Li, X., & Chan, A. P. (2023). Automatic tower crane layout planning system for high-rise building construction using generative adversarial network. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 58, Article 102202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2023.102202
Li, R., Hung-Lin, C. H. I., Hu, Z., Li, D., Yi, W., & Brilakis, I. (2025). Data-driven lifting-centered construction site layout planning decision approach with BIM. Automation in Construction, 179, Article 106467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2025.106467
Li, Y., & Liu, C. (2012). Integrating field data and 3D simulation for tower crane activity monitoring and alarming. Automation in Construction, 27, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.05.003
Lingard, H., Pirzadeh, P., Blismas, N., Wakefield, R., & Kleiner, B. (2014). Exploring the link between early constructor involvement in project decision-making and the efficacy of health and safety risk control. Construction Management and Economics, 32(9), 918–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.911931
Liu, P., Chi, H. L., Li, X., & Guo, J. (2021). Effects of dataset characteristics on the performance of fatigue detection for crane operators using hybrid deep neural networks. Automation in Construction, 132, Article 103901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103901
Liu, J., Wang, X., Nie, X., & Lu, R. (2022). Incentive mechanism of construction safety from the perspective of mutual benefit. Buildings, 12(5), Article 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050536
Loosemore, M., & Malouf, N. (2019). Safety training and positive safety attitude formation in the Australian construction industry. Safety Science, 113, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.029
Low, B. K. L., Man, S. S., Chan, A. H. S., & Alabdulkarim, S. (2019). Construction worker risk-taking behavior model with individual and organizational factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), Article 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081335
Man, S. S., Ng, J. Y. K., & Chan, A. H. S. (2019). A review of the risk perception of construction workers in construction safety. In T. Ahram, W. Karwowski, S. Pickl, & R. Taiar (Eds.), Advances in intelligent systems and computing: Vol. 1026. Human systems engineering and design II. IHSED 2019 (pp. 637–643). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27928-8_97
Mansoor, A., Liu, S., Ali, G. M., Bouferguene, A., & Al-Hussein, M. (2020). Conceptual framework for safety improvement in mobile cranes. In Construction Research Congress 2020 (pp. 964–971). American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482865.102
Milazzo, M. F., Ancione, G., Brkić, V. S., & Vališ, D. (2017). Investigation of crane operation safety by analysing main accident causes. In Risk, reliability and safety: Innovating theory and practice (pp. 74–80). CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group.
Mohammadi, H., Fazli, Z., Kaleh, H., Azimi, H. R., Moradi Hanifi, S., & Shafiee, N. (2021). Risk analysis and reliability assessment of overhead cranes using fault tree analysis integrated with Markov chain and fuzzy Bayesian networks. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021, Article 6530541. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6530541
Neitzel, R. L., Seixas, N. S., & Ren, K. K. (2001). A review of crane safety in the construction industry. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 16(12), 1106–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220127411
Nketekete, M., Emuze, F., & Smallwood, J. (2016). Risk management in public sector construction projects: Case studies in Lesotho. Acta Structilia, 23(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150487/as23i2.1
Obondi, K. (2022). The utilization of project risk monitoring and control practices and their relationship with project success in construction projects. Journal of Project Management, 7(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.jpm.2021.7.002
Othman, I., Kineber, A. F., Oke, A. E., Zayed, T., & Buniya, M. K. (2021). Barriers of value management implementation for building projects in Egyptian construction industry. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.08.004
Qayoom, A., & Hadikusumo, B. H. W. (2019). Multilevel safety culture affecting organization safety performance: A system dynamic approach. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26(10), 2326–2346. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-08-2018-0355
Rasmussen, J. (1997). Risk management in a dynamic society: A modelling problem. Safety Science, 27(2–3), 183–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0
Raviv, G., & Shapira, A. (2018). Systematic approach to crane-related near-miss analysis in the construction industry. International Journal of Construction Management, 18(4), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1382067
Raviv, G., Fishbain, B., & Shapira, A. (2017). Analyzing risk factors in crane-related near-miss and accident reports. Safety Science, 91, 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.08.022
Romanello, G. (2018). Stability analysis of mobile cranes and determination of outriggers loading. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 16(6), 938–958. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-05-2018-0084
Romanello, G. (2022). A graphical approach for the determination of outrigger loads in mobile cranes. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 50(3), 767–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1726184
Sadeghi, S., Soltanmohammadlou, N., & Rahnamayiezekavat, P. (2021). A systematic review of scholarly works addressing crane safety requirements. Safety Science, 133, Article 105002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105002
Sankar, S. S., Anandh, K. S., & Prasanna, K. (2024). Safety leadership: A catalyst for positive safety climate on construction sites. Buildings, 14(6), Article 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061806
Schuldt, S. J., Nicholson, M. R., Adams, Y. A., II, & Delorit, J. D. (2021). Weather-related construction delays in a changing climate: A systematic state-of-the-art review. Sustainability, 13(5), Article 2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052861
Sertyesilisik, B., Tunstall, A., & McLoughlin, J. (2010). An investigation of lifting operations on UK construction sites. Safety Science, 48(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.06.001
Shannon, H. S., Mayr, J., & Haines, T. (1997). Overview of the relationship between organizational and workplace factors and injury rates. Safety Science, 26(3), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00043-X
Shapira, A., Lucko, G., & Schexnayder, C. J. (2007). Cranes for building construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 133(9), 690–700. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:9(690)
Shi, Y., Yang, J., & Wen, Y. (2019). Research on the construction of safety risk management objective system based on causes-means. In International Academic Conference on Frontiers in Social Sciences and Management Innovation (IAFSM 2018) (pp. 56–61). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/iafsm-18.2019.9
Shringi, A., Arashpour, M., Golafshani, E. M., Rajabifard, A., Dwyer, T., & Li, H. (2022). Efficiency of VR-based safety training for construction equipment: Hazard recognition in heavy machinery operations. Buildings, 12(12), Article 2084. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122084
Sitompul, T. A., Lindell, R., Wallmyr, M., & Siren, A. (2020). Presenting information closer to mobile crane operators’ line of sight: Designing and evaluating visualization concepts based on transparent displays. In Graphics Interface 2020 (Article 59).
Šopić, M., Vranković, A., & Marović, I. (2025). Understanding and quantifying the impact of adverse weather on construction productivity. Applied Sciences, 15(19), Article 10759. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910759
Spasojević Brkić, V. K., Veljković, Z. A., Golubović, T., Brkić, A. D., & Kosić Šotić, I. (2016). Workspace design for crane cabins applying a combined traditional approach and the Taguchi method for design of experiments. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 22(2), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1111713
Sruthy, S., & Xavier, A. S. (2023). A study on crane accidents: Investigating the role of hand signals in construction site communication. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research. https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V12N-art787
Stiles, S., Ryan, B., & Golightly, D. (2018). Evaluating attitudes to safety leadership within rail construction projects. Safety Science, 110, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.030
Sun, Y., Fang, D., Wang, S., Dai, M., & Lv, X. (2008). Safety risk identification and assessment for Beijing Olympic venues construction. Journal of Management in Engineering, 24(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2008)24:1(40)
Sun, Z., Hou, N., & Xiang, H. (2009). Safety and serviceability assessment for high-rise tower crane to turbulent winds. Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 3(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-009-0009-2
Swuste, P. (2013). A ‘normal accident’ with a tower crane? An accident analysis conducted by the Dutch Safety Board. Safety Science, 57, 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.03.002
Taghaddos, H., Eslami, A., Hermann, U., AbouRizk, S., & Mohamed, Y. (2019). Auction-based simulation for industrial crane operations. Automation in Construction, 104, 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.03.015
Tam, V. W., & Fung, I. W. (2011). Tower crane safety in the construction industry: A Hong Kong study. Safety Science, 49(2), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.08.001
Teizer, J., Cheng, T., & Fang, Y. (2013). Location tracking and data visualization technology to advance construction ironworkers’ education and training in safety and productivity. Automation in Construction, 35, 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.03.004
Thevendran, V., & Mawdesley, M. J. (2004). Perception of human risk factors in construction projects: An exploratory study. International Journal of Project Management, 22(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(03)00063-2
Trethewy, R. W., Atkinson, M., & Falls, B. (2003). Improved hazard identification for contractors in the construction industry. Journal of Construction Research, 4, 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1609945103000315
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024). Census of fatal occupational injuries (News release). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cfoi_12192024.htm
Wang, H., Kamal, E. M., & Ulang, N. M. (2024). Supervisor leadership and construction worker safety behavior: A systematic literature review. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 59(2), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.59.2.33
Wang, T., Tang, W., Du, L., Duffield, C. F., & Wei, Y. (2016). Relationships among risk management, partnering, and contractor capability in international EPC project delivery. Journal of Management in Engineering, 32(6), Article 04016017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000459
Wu, C., Wang, F., Zou, P. X. W., & Fang, D. (2016). How safety leadership works among owners, contractors and subcontractors in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 34(5), 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.02.013
Wu, X., Qian, Q., & Zhang, M. (2024a). Impact of supervisor leadership on construction worker safety behavior in China: The moderating role of social capital. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 31(5), 1947–1972. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-02-2022-0180
Wu, B. J., Jin, L. H., Zheng, X. Z., & Chen, S. (2024b). Coupling analysis of crane accident risks based on Bayesian network and the NK model. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 1133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51425-9
Xu, Z., Zayed, T., & Niu, Y. (2020). Comparative analysis of modular construction practices in mainland China, Hong Kong and Singapore. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245, Article 118861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118861
Yang, Y., Chan, A. P. C., Darko, A., Gao, R., & Zahoor, H. (2019). Factors affecting structural steelwork adoption from a project lifecycle perspective: The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230, 634–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.123
Zhang, R. P., Lingard, H., & Oswald, D. (2020). Impact of supervisory safety communication on safety climate and behavior in construction workgroups. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(8), Article 04020089. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001881
Zhong, H., Chen, L., Antwi-Afari, M. F., Bao, Z., & Chen, K. (2025). Dynamic risk assessment of tower crane operations by integrating functional resonance analysis method and Bayesian network. Developments in the Built Environment, 23, Article 100699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100699
Zhang, C., & Hammad, A. (2012). Multiagent approach for real-time collision avoidance and path replanning for cranes. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 26(6), 782–794. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000181
Zhou, W., Zhao, T., Liu, W., & Tang, J. (2018). Tower crane safety on construction sites: A complex sociotechnical system perspective. Safety Science, 109, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.05.001
Zunjic, A., Brkic, V. S., Klarin, M., Brkic, A., & Krstic, D. (2015). Anthropometric assessment of crane cabins and recommendations for design: A case study. Work, 52(1), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-152042
View article in other formats
CrossMark check
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.