How does top management team diversity matter in abruptly dynamic environments?
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2018.6579Abstract
This study seeks to investigate how top management team (TMT) diversity as a double-edged sword influences a firm’s resilient performance in abruptly dynamic environments and how TMT group longevity moderates this relationship. Abruptly dynamic environment is characterized by low-frequency, substantial magnitude, and high-degree irregularity of change. Utilizing 168 listed electronics firms in Taiwan as the sample, this study incorporated the context of the 2008 global financial crisis as a naturally quasi-experimental setting and adopted a less investigated performance metric, firm resilient performance, to investigate how the two most researched types of TMT job-related diversity (i.e., educational and functional diversity) influence firm resilience in such environments. The results suggest that in abruptly dynamic environments, TMT job-related diversity negatively influences firms’ resilient performance, and TMT longevity significantly moderates this relationship. This study makes unique contributions to the upper-echelons literature by investigating the effect of TMT diversity in a naturally quasi-experimental setting featuring abrupt environmental dynamism.
Keywords:
dynamic environments, global financial crisis, resilient performance, top management team diversity, uncertainty, upper echelons theoryHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Auh, S., & Menguc, B. (2005). Top management team diversity and innovativeness: the moderating role of interfunctional coordination. Industrial Marketing Management, 34, 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.09.005
Bantel, K. A., & Jackson, S. E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: does the composition of the top team make a difference. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100709
Beneito, P. (2006). The innovative performance of in-house and contracted R&D in terms of patents and utility models. Research Policy, 35, 502-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.01.007
Bharadwaj, A. S., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Konsynski, B. R. (1999). Information technology effects on firm performance as measured by Tobin’s Q. Management Science, 45, 1008-1024. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.45.7.1008
Boerner, S., Linkohr, M., & Kiefer, S. (2011). Top management team diversity: positive in the short run, but negative in the long run. Team Performance Management, 17, 328-353. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527591111182616
Bricongne, J., Fontagne, L., Gaulier, G., Taglioni, D., & Vicard, V. (2012). Firms and the global crisis: French exports in the turmoil. Journal of International Economics, 87, 134-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.07.002
Bui, H. T., Baruch, Y., Chau, V. S., & He, H. W. (2015). Team learning: the missing construct from a cross-cultural examination of higher education. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 33, 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-015-9426-z
Cannella Jr., A. A., Park, J., & Lee, H. (2008). Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: examining the roles of team member collocation and environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 768-784. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2008.33665310
Carpenter, M. A. (2002). The implication of strategy and social context for the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.226
Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelons research revisited: antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30, 749-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.001
Certo, S. T., Lester, R. H., Dalton, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2006). Top management teams, strategy and financial performance: a meta-analytic examination. Journal of Management Studies, 43, 813-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00612.x
Chang, M. C., Wang, Y. H., Hung, J. C., & Sun, C. (2015). R&D, patent arrangements, and financial performances: evidence from Taiwan. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Science, 23, 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPso.7967
Chau, V. S., Thomas, H., Clegg, S., & Leung, A. S. M. (2012). Managing performance in global crisis. British Journal of Management, 23, S1-S5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00825.x
Chung, C., & Luo, X. (2013). Leadership succession and firm performance in an emerging economy: successor origin, relational embeddedness, and legitimacy. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 338-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2011
Covin, J., & Slevin, D. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107
Daniel, F., Lohrke, F. T., & Fornaciari, C. J. (2004). Slack resources and firm performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 57, 565-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00439-3
Davis, J. L., Bell, R. G., Payne, G. T., & Kreiser, P. M. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the moderating role of managerial power. American Journal of Business, 25, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/19355181201000009
Demsetz, H., & Lehn, K. (1985). The structure of corporate ownership: causes and consequences. The Journal of Political Economy, 93, 1155-1177. https://doi.org/10.1086/261354
Díaz-fernández, M. C., González-rodríguez, M. R., & Simonetti, B. (2016). The role played by job and non-job-related TMT diversity traits on firm performance and strategic change. Management Decision, 54, 1110-1139. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2015-0464
Dolmans, S. A. M., van Burg, J. C., Reymen, I. M. M. J., & Romme, A. G. L. (2014). Dynamics of resource slack and constraints: resource positions in action. Organization Studies, 35, 511-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840613517598
Eggers, J. P., & Kaplan, S. (2013). Cognition and capabilities: a multi-level perspective. Academy of Management Annals, 7, 295-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.769318
Eisenhardt, K. E. (1989). Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 543-576. https://doi.org/10.2307/256434
Eisenhardt, K. E., & Sull, D. N. (2001). Strategy as simple rules. Harvard Business Review, 79, 107-116. Retrieved from httpss://hbr.org/2001/01/strategy-as-simple-rules
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. (1996). Strategic leadership: top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: an update. Academy of Management Review, 322, 334-343. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.24345254
Hambrick, D. C., Cho, T. S., & Chen, M. (1996). The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms’ competitive moves. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 659-684. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393871
Hambrick, D. C., & MacMillan, I. (1985). Efficiency of product R&D in business units: the role of strategic context. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 527-547. https://doi.org/10.2307/256112
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. M. (1984). Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1984.4277628
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. (1989). Beyond relational demography. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 96-107. https://doi.org/10.2307/256901
Hauschild, S., Knyphausen-Auseß, D. Z., & Rahmel, M. (2011). Measuring industry dynamics: towards a comprehensive concept. Schmalenbach Business Review, 63, 416-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396827
Heavey, C., & Simsek, Z. (2017). Distributed cognition in top management teams and organizational ambidexterity: the influence of transactive memory systems. Journal of Management, 43, 919-945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314545652
Hitt, M. A., & Tyler, B. B. (1991). Strategic decision models: integrating different perspectives. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 327-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250120502
Homberg, F., & Bui, H. T. M. (2013). Top management team diversity a systematic review. Group & Organization Management, 38, 455-479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113493925
Hough, J. R., & White, M. A. (2003). Environmental dynamism and strategic decision‐making rationality: an examination at the decision level. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 481-489. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.303
International Monetary Fund. (2018). World economic outlook (April 2018). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper
Jarzabkowski, P., & Searle, R. H. (2004). Harnessing diversity and collective action in the top management team. Long Range Planning, 37, 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2004.07.007
Judge, W. Q., & Miller, A. (1991). Antecedents and outcomes of decision speed in different environmental contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 449-463. https://doi.org/10.2307/256451
Kauer, D., Waldeck, T. C. P., & Schäffer, U. (2007). Effects of top management team characteristics on strategic decision making: shifting attention to team member personalities and mediating processes. Management Decision, 45, 942-967. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740710762017
Koopmann, J., Lanaj, K., Wang, M., Zhou, L, & Shi, J. (2016). Nonlinear effects of team tenure on team psychological safety climate and climate strength: implications for average team member performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 940-957. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000097
Kor, Y. T. (2003). Experience-based top management team competence and sustained growth. Organization Science, 14, 707-719. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.6.707.24867
Lee, H., & Park, J. (2006). Top management team diversity, internationalization, and the mediating effect of international alliances. British Journal of Management, 17, 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00501.x
Li, H., & Li, J. (2009). Top management team conflicts and entrepreneurial strategy making in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26, 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-007-9071-2
Li, P. Y., & Lo, F. Y. (2017). Top management teams’ managerial resources and international diversification: the evidence under an uncertain environment. Management Decision, 55, 1999-2017. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2016-0364
Lin, E., Lin, T. M. Y., & Lin, B. (2010). New high-tech venturing as process of resource accumulation. Management Decision, 48, 1230-1246. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011076762
McKnight, D. H., Cummings, L. L., & Chervany, N. L. (1998). Initial trust formation in new organizational relationship. Academy of Management Review, 23, 473-490. https://doi.org/10.2307/259290
Menz, M. (2012). Functional top management team members: a review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38, 45-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311421830
Milliken, F. J., & Martins L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21, 402-433. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1996.9605060217
Mousa, F. T., & Chowdhury, J. (2014). Organizational slack effects on innovation: the moderating roles of CEO tenure and compensation. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 152, 369-383. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.839476
Murray, A. I. (1989). Top management group heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100710
Naranjo‐Gil, D., Hartmann, F., & Maas, V. S. (2008). Top management team heterogeneity, strategic change and operational performance. British Journal of Management, 19, 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00545.x
Nelson, R. R. (1982). The role of knowledge in R&D efficiency. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97, 453-470. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885872
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1985). Applied linear statistical models: regression, analysis of variance, and experimental design. Homewood, IL: R. D. Irwin.
Parola, H. R., Ellis, K. M., & Golden, P. (2015). Performance effects of top management team gender diversity during the merger and acquisition process. Management Decision, 53, 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-03-2014-0141
Pelled, L. H. (1996). Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: an intervening process theory. Organization Science, 7, 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.7.6.615
Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: an analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667029
Prasad, B., & Junni, P. (2017). Understanding top management team conflict, environmental uncertainty and firm innovativeness: empirical evidence from India. International Journal of Conflict Management, 28, 122-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-02-2016-0006
Sabatino, M. (2016). Economic crisis and resilience: resilient capacity and competitiveness of the enterprises. Journal of Business Research, 69, 1924-1927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.081
Sambharya, R. B. (1996). Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 739-746. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199611)17:9<739::AID-SMJ846>3.0.CO;2-K
Stieglitz, N., Knudsen, T., & Becker, M. C. (2016). Adaptation and inertia in dynamic environments. Strategic Management Journal, 37, 1854-1864. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2433
Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs. (2018). Information, professional & technical services, rental & leasing survey. Retrieved from https://dmz9.moea.gov.tw/gmweb/investigate/InvestigateEB.aspx?lang=E
Tan, D., & Mahoney, J. T. (2005). Examining the Penrose effect in an international business context: the dynamics of Japanese firm growth in U.S. industries. Managerial and Decision Economics, 262, 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1212
Valackiene, A., & Virbickaite, R. (2011). Conceptualization of crisis situation in a company. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 122, 317-331. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.575192
Van Geyt, D., Van Cauwenberge, P., & Vander Bauwhede, H. (2013). The impact of the financial crisis on insider trading profitability in Belgium. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 142, 363-385. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.652980
Webber, S. S., & Donahue, L. M. (2001). Impact of highly and less job-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(00)00093-3
Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007). Managing the unexpected: resilience performance in an age of uncertainty. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Yang, L., & Wang, D. (2014). The impacts of top management team characteristics on entrepreneurial strategic orientation: the moderating effects of industrial environment and corporate ownership. Management Decision, 52, 378-409. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-03-2013-0140
Yoon, W., Kim, S. J., & Song, J. (2016). Top management team characteristics and organizational creativity. Review of Managerial Science, 10, 757-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-015-0175-7
Zollo, M., & Winter, S. G. (2002). Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13, 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.13.3.339.2780
View article in other formats
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.