Unraveling the role of environmental emotional connectedness and sustainable returns in green finance decisions: a comparative analysis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2026.27889

Abstract

The study aims to identify the underlying forces shaping investors’ green financing decisions, specifically examining whether these decisions are driven by emotional connectedness to the environment or by the pursuit of sustainable financial returns. These latent motivations may influence investment behavior either consciously or unconsciously. In addition, the study analyzes investors’ preferences under trade-off conditions involving environmental emotional connectedness, expected sustainable returns, and investment duration. To investigate these factors, the study adopts a controlled experimental approach, employing a scenario-based experiment for individual investors and a field experiment involving financial professionals. The survey instrument is designed around six structured trade-off scenarios that capture variations in environmental emotional attachment, return expectations, and investment horizons. Empirical analysis using panel logistic regression and the Kruskal–Wallis test reveals that sustainable return emerges as the dominant determinant of green investment decisions. The findings indicate that although investors may exhibit emotional concern for environmental issues, such emotional attachment alone is insufficient to motivate green investment behavior. Ultimately, investment decisions are primarily guided by expected financial returns rather than environmental emotional connectedness.

Keywords:

green investment decision, emotional connection to the environment, sustainable returns, investment duration, investment preferences, investor behavior

How to Cite

Sattar, M. A., Junxin, S., Xiao, F., & Waseem, M. (2026). Unraveling the role of environmental emotional connectedness and sustainable returns in green finance decisions: a comparative analysis. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 27(3), 678–698. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2026.27889

Share

Published in Issue
August 26, 2026
Abstract Views
67

References

Ackert, L. F., Church, B. K., & Deaves, R. (2003). Emotion and financial markets. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 88, 33–41.

Al Dayeh, S. (2024). The impact of altruistic motivation for environmental well-being on young individual investors’ preferences for sustainable investing [Bachelor’s thesis, University of Twente].

Anderson, A., & Robinson, D. T. (2021). Financial literacy in the age of green investment. Review of Finance, 26(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfab031

Alhamis, I. (2025). Theoretical frameworks for integrating sustainability factors into institutional investment decision-making. Southern New Hampshire University. https://doi.org/10.24883/eagleSustainable.v15i.493

Albertini, E. (2013). Does environmental management improve financial performance? A meta-analytical review. Organization & Environment, 26(4), 431–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026613510301

Ambec, S., & Lanoie, P. (2008). Does it pay to be green? A systematic overview. Academy of Management Perspectives, 22(4), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2008.35590353

Au, K., Chan, F., Wang, D., & Vertinsky, I. (2003). Mood in foreign exchange trading: Cognitive processes and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 91(2), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00510-1

Bachelet, M. J., Becchetti, L., & Manfredonia, S. (2019). The green bonds premium puzzle: The role of issuer characteristics and third-party verification. Sustainability, 11(4), Article 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041098

Bagur-Femenías, L. A., Perramon, J. A., & Amat, O. B. (2015). Total quality management and green innovation: The mediation effect of the environmental investment. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(7–8), 840–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2014.895523

Bansal, R., Wu, D. A., & Yaron, A. (2022). Socially responsible investing in good and bad times. The Review of Financial Studies, 35(4), 2067–2099. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab072

Bechara, A., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision. Games and Economic Behavior, 52(2), 336–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2004.06.010

Berliner, D., & Prakash, A. (2013). The United Nations Global Compact: An institutionalist perspective. Law & Society Review, 47(2), 345–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12015

Bonifant, B. C., Arnold, M. B., & Long, F. J. (1995). Gaining competitive advantage through environmental investments. Business Horizons, 38(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(95)90007-1

Born, N., Ashebir, S., Brady, S., D’Ambrosio, L., & Coughlin, J. (2024). The emotional path to influencing decision-making: Harnessing emotions for better financial choices. Frontiers in Behavioral Economics, 3, Article 1393384. https://doi.org/10.3389/frbhe.2024.1393384

Brodback, D., Guenster, N., & Pouget, S. (2020). The valuation of corporate social responsibility: A willingness-to-pay experiment. SSRN.

Cepni, O., Demirer, R., & Rognone, L. (2022). Hedging climate risks with green assets. Economics Letters, 212, Article 110312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110312

Cervinka, R., Röderer, K., & Hefler, E. (2012). Are nature lovers happy? On various indicators of well-being and connectedness with nature. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(3), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311416873

Chariri, A., Bukit, G. R. S. B., Eklesia, O. B., Christi, B. U., & Tarigan, D. M. (2018). Does green investment increase financial performance? Empirical evidence from Indonesian companies. E3S Web of Conferences, 31, Article 09001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109001

Clayton, S. (2020). Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, Article 102263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263

Cortez, M. C., Andrade, N., & Silva, F. (2022). The environmental and financial performance of green energy investments: European evidence. Ecological Economics, 197, Article 107427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107427

Capelle-Blancard, G., & Laguna, M.-A. (2010). How does the stock market respond to chemical disasters? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 59(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2009.11.002

Cheng, Q., & Cao, W. (2025). Does sustainable investment knowledge affect investment behavior? A social cognitive theory perspective. SAGE Open, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251375805

Derwall, J., Koedijk, K., & Ter Horst, J. (2011). A tale of values-driven and profit-seeking social investors. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(8), 2137–2147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.01.009

Dixon-Fowler, H. R., Slater, D. J., Johnson, J. L., Ellstrand, A. E., & Romi, A. M. (2013). Beyond “Does it Pay to Be Green?”: A meta-analysis of moderators of the CEP–CFP relationship. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(2), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1268-8

Døskeland, T., & Pedersen, L. J. T. (2016). Investing with brain or heart? A field experiment on responsible investment. Management Science, 62(6), 1632–1644. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2208

Duchene, S., Nguyen-Huu, A., Dubois, D., & Willinger, M. (2022). Risk-return trade-offs in the context of environmental impact: A lab-in-the-field experiment with finance professionals (CEE-M Working paper 2022-12). Center for Environmental Economics – Montpellier.

Duxbury, D., Gärling, T., Gamble, A., & Klass, J. (2020). How emotions influence behavior in financial markets: A conceptual analysis and emotion-based account of buy-sell preferences. The European Journal of Finance, 26(14), 1417–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2020.1742758

Eccles, R. G., Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2014). The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Management Science, 60(11), 2835–2857. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1984

Endrikat, J., Guenther, E., & Hoppe, H. (2014). Making sense of conflicting empirical findings: A meta-analytic review of the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance. European Management Journal, 32(5), 735–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.12.004

Elster, J. (1998). Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(1), 47–74.

Han, F., Mao, Yu, X. , & Yang, L. (2024). Government environmental protection subsidies and corporate green innovation: Evidence from Chinese microenterprises. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(1), Article 100458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100458

Fenton-O’Creevy, M., Soane, E., Nicholson, N., & Willman, P. (2011). Thinking, feeling and deciding: The influence of emotions on the decision making and performance of traders. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(8), 1044–1061. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.720

Ferguson, M. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2010). Collective guilt mediates the effect of beliefs about global warming on willingness to engage in mitigation behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.11.010

Freeman, R. E., & Evan, W. M. (1990). Corporate governance: A stakeholder interpretation. The Journal of Behavioral Economics, 19(4), 337–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-5720(90)90022-Y

Friede, G., Busch, T., & Bassen, A. (2015). ESG and financial performance: Aggregated evidence from more than 2,000 empirical studies. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 5(4), 210–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2015.1118917

Gabbi, G., & Zanotti, G. (2019). Sex & the City: Are financial decisions driven by emotions? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 21, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2018.10.005

Galama, J. T., & Scholtens, B. (2021). A meta-analysis of the relationship between companies’ greenhouse gas emissions and financial performance. Environmental Research Letters, 16(4), 043006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abdf08

Gutterman, A. S. (2021). Definitions and types of entrepreneurship. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3930375

Gutsche, G., Wetzel, H., & Ziegler, A. (2023). Determinants of individual sustainable investment behavior – A framed field experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 209, 491–508.

Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126013.003.0045

Hareli, S., & Parkinson, B. (2008). What’s social about social emotions? Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 38(2), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00363.x

Hasanuddin, H., Rimbano, D., Nuraini, A., Kuswandi, D., & Makkulau, A. R. (2024). Green finance: Unlocking the potential of sustainable investment for future business growth. Branding: Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.15575/jb.v3i1.35115

Hewitt, P. L. (2020). Perfecting, belonging, and repairing: A dynamic-relational approach to perfectionism. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne, 61(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000209

Hervé, F., & Marsat, S. (2023). Eco-anxiety, connectedness to nature & green equity investments. Economics Bulletin.

Kagan, J. (2020). Interest expense. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/interestexpense.asp#:~:text=
/>Interest%20expense%20is%20a%20non,principal%20amount%20of%20the%20debt

Kim, J.-H., & Jang, S. (2014). A scenario-based experiment and a field study: A comparative examination for service failure and recovery. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 41, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.05.004

Kreibiehl, S., Yong Jung, T., Battiston, S., Carvajal, P. E., Clapp, C., Dasgupta, D., Dube, N., Jachnik, R., Morita, K., Samargandi, N., & Williams, M. (2022). Investment and finance. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Kuhnen, C. M., & Knutson, B. (2005). The neural basis of financial risk taking. Neuron, 47(5), 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.008

Kushnir, V., Godinho, A., Hodgins, D. C., Hendershot, C. S., & Cunningham, J. A. (2016). Motivation to quit or reduce gambling: Associations between Self-Determination Theory and the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2016.1107315

Lempert, K. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2013). The malleability of intertemporal choice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(7), 368–369.

Lim, S., Song, J., Uji, A., & Yamada, T. (2024). I feel and I invest: Social emotions and sustainable investing in Germany and Japan. Sustainable Development, 33(2), 1758–1781. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3202

Liu, Y., Govindan, K., & Uzzi, B. (2016). Do emotions expressed online correlate with actual changes in decision-making?: The case of stock day traders. PLoS ONE, 11(1), Article e0144945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144945

Loewenstein, G. F. (2000). Emotions in economic theory and economic behavior. American Economic Review, 90(2), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.426

Luce, M. F. (1999). Choosing to avoid: Coping with negatively emotion-laden consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1086/209518

Mackay, C. M., & Schmitt, M. T. (2019). Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65, Article 101323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101323

Mallett, R. K., Melchiori, K. J., & Strickroth, T. (2013). Self-confrontation via a carbon footprint calculator increases guilt and support for taking action to reduce emissions. Ecopsychology, 5(4), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2012.0067

Mallett, R. D. C., Stroeve, J. C., Tsamados, M., Landy, J. C., Willatt, R., Nandan, V., & Liston, G. E. (2021). Faster decline and higher variability in the sea ice thickness of the marginal Arctic seas when accounting for dynamic snow cover. The Cryosphere, 15(5), 2429–2450. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2429-2021

Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001

Minatti Ferreira, D. D., Borba, J. A., Rover, S., & Dal-Ri Murcia, F. (2014). Environmental quality and financial performance: An analysis of sustainable companies. Environmental Quality Management, 23(4), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21374

Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010

Molina-Azorín, J. F., Claver-Cortés, E., Lopez-Gamero, M. D., & Tari, J. J. (2009). Green management and financial performance: A literature review. Management Decision, 47, 1080–1100. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740910978313

Pagnoncelli, B. K., Reich, D., & Campi, M. C. (2012). Risk-return trade-off with the scenario approach in practice: A case study in portfolio selection. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 155, 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10957-012-0074-x

Patten, D. M., & Nance, J. P. (1998). Regulatory cost effects in a good news environment: The intra-industry reaction to the Alaskan oil spill. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 17(4–5), 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4254(98)10007-8

Pedersen, L. H., Fitzgibbons, S., & Pomorski, L. (2021). Responsible investing: The ESG-efficient frontier. Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), 572–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.11.001

Peng, W., & Kim, E. (2026). Determinants of green consumption intention: An SOR-based analysis of external and internal drivers. E&ESG (Future Convergence Research Journal), 6(2), 571–598. https://doi.org/10.54794/enesg.2026.6.2.571

Phelps, E. A., Lempert, K. M., & Sokol-Hessner, P. (2014). Emotion and decision making: Multiple modulatory neural circuits. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37, 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014119

Poppa, T., & Bechara, A. (2018). The somatic marker hypothesis: Revisiting the role of the ‘body-loop’ in decision-making. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.10.007

Porter, M. E., & van der Linde, C. (1995). Toward a new conception of the environment–competitiveness relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.4.97

Riedl, A., & Smeets, P. (2017). Why do investors hold socially responsible mutual funds? The Journal of Finance, 72(6), 2505–2550. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12547

Romer, P. M. (2000). Thinking and feeling. American Economic Review, 90(2), 439–443. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.439

Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714

Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145

Sayce, S., Ellison, L., & Parnell, P. (2007). Understanding investment drivers for UK sustainable property. Building Research & Information, 35(6), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701559515

Schmitt, M. T., Mackay, C. M. L., Droogendyk, L. M., & Payne, D. (2018). What predicts environmental activism? The roles of identification with nature and self-esteem. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 61, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.11.003

Shiv, B., Loewenstein, G., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). Investment behavior and the negative side of emotion. Psychological Science, 16(6), 435–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01553.x

Statman, M. (2018). A unified behavioral finance. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 44(7), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2018.44.7.124

Tabernero, C., & Hernández, B. (2011). Self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation guiding environmental behavior. Environment and Behavior, 43(5), 658–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916510379759

Testa, F., Gusmerottia, N. M., Corsini, F., Passetti, E., & Iraldo, F. (2016) factors affecting environmental management by small and micro firms: The importance of entrepreneurs’ attitudes and environmental investment. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 23, 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1382

Thaler, R. H. (2000). From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.1.133

Verplanken, B., Marks, E., & Dobromir, A. I. (2020). On the nature of eco-anxiety: How constructive or unconstructive is habitual worry about global warming? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 72, Article 101528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101528

Wang, C., Qiao, G., Ahmad, M., & Ahmed, Z. (2023). The role of the government in green finance, foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and industrial structure upgrading: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 15(19), Article 14069. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914069

Wang, Q., & Zhou, C. (2023). How does government environmental investment promote green development: Evidence from China. PLoS ONE, 18(10), Article e0292223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292223

Weber, O., & Feltmate, B. (2016). Sustainable banking: Managing the social and environmental impact of financial institutions. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442629325

Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy–value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1015

Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11(4), 705–731. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023980

Yip, S. W., Zhai, Z. W., Balodis, I. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). Positive mood states and gambling disorder. In J. Gruber (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of positive emotion and psychopathology (pp. 367–379). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190653200.013.24

Zhou, X., & Cui, Y. (2019). Green bonds, corporate performance, and corporate social responsibility: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 11(23), Article 6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236881

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2026-08-26

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Sattar, M. A., Junxin, S., Xiao, F., & Waseem, M. (2026). Unraveling the role of environmental emotional connectedness and sustainable returns in green finance decisions: a comparative analysis. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 27(3), 678–698. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2026.27889

Share