How does 5G technology deployment impact e-turnover in SMEs?
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2026.24780Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of 5G technology on the electronic turnover (e-turnover) of SMEs in 26 EU Member States between 2020 and 2023, using the ENET methodology. It examines key digitalization drivers: 5G coverage, 5G spectrum, ICT specialists, and very high-capacity networks (VHCN). The results show that 5G coverage has a strong positive effect on e-turnover, particularly in countries with lower regulatory constraints, where implementation flexibility enhances connectivity and performance. Similarly, 5G spectrum allocation improves operational efficiency, but this effect weakens under stricter regulation, suggesting that rigid frameworks may hinder potential benefits. An unexpected finding is the negative relationship between ICT specialists and e-turnover, likely due to high integration costs in small firms. Although the impact lessens in regulated environments, it remains significant, indicating the need for SMEs to adopt cost-effective strategies such as upskilling or outsourcing. Granger causality analysis confirms a one-way influence from ICT specialists to e-turnover. The most substantial positive effect is linked to VHCN, especially in regulated settings, where fast and reliable data transmission drives innovation and revenue through advanced digital services. These results highlight the importance of coordinated 5G and VHCN strategies and strategic digital investment for SME competitiveness in the digital economy.
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SMEs, 5G, 5G coverage, 5G spectrum, ICT specialist, VHCN, e-turnoverHow to Cite
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