What (de)motivates gen Z women and gen Z men at work? Comparative study of gender differences in the young generation’s motivation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20439Abstract
This study responds to the call for a more nuanced understanding of intragenerational variations and provides a detailed insight into how men and women in Generation Z perceive work motivation. Unlike most prior studies with a similar focus, this study is qualitative, employing a specific method of empathy-based stories (MEBS) to capture the (de)motivators in Gen Z directly through their native point of view. On a sample of 437 business students, the vast majority of whom reported having work experience, results reveal that Gen Z women pay significantly more attention to social aspects of interpersonal relationships at the workplace, intrinsic factors of having a dream job, low levels of routine, experiencing job success, and an extrinsic need to receive recognition for the work done, while Gen Z men are more attentive to the altruistic factor of making a meaningful difference at work, extrinsic factor of benefits, and leisure-related aspects of happy personal life and no stress at work. Findings inform evidence-based motivation policies, which may help target more precisely recruitment and motivation programs in companies.
Keywords:
generation Z, gen Z, gender, women, men, motivation, demotivation, work values, MEBSHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002> https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
Arora, S., Dubey, V., & Vyas, S. (2020). Study of work values of Gen Z students. International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 8(3–4), 240–265. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2020.112179> https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2020.112179
Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career aspirations of generation Z: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1/2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2020-0124> https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2020-0124
Bieleń, M., & Kubiczek, J. (2020). Response of the labor market to the needs and expectations of Generation Z. E-mentor, 4(86), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.15219/em86.1486> https://doi.org/10.15219/em86.1486
Bohanek, J. G., & Fivush, R. (2010). Personal narratives, well-being, and gender in adolescence. Cognitive Development, 25(4), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.003> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.003
Brinck, K. L., Hauff, S., & Kirchner, S. (2020). Is there a new meaning of work? The how and why of a change in altruistic work values in Germany between 1989 and 2016. Management Revue, 31(2), 167–187. https://doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2020-2-167> https://doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2020-2-167
Causa, O., Abendschein, M., Luu, N., Soldani E & Soriolo, Ch. (2022). The post-COVID-19 rise in labour shortages (OECD Economics Department Working Papers, 1721). https://doi.org/10.1787/e60c2d1c-en> https://doi.org/10.1787/e60c2d1c-en
Cheung, C., & Scherling, S. A. (1999). Job satisfaction, work values, and sex differences in Taiwan’s organizations. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 133(5), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989909599763> https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989909599763
Chillakuri, B. (2020). Understanding Generation Z expectations for effective onboarding. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(7), 1277–1296. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2020-0058> https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2020-0058
Chrancokova, M., Weibl, G., & Dokupilova, D. (2020). The brain drain of people from Slovakia. In K. Hammes, M. Machrafi, V. Huzjan (eds.), Economic and social development: Book of proceedings (pp. 320–329).
Csank, P. A. R., & Conway, M. (2004). Engaging in self-reflection changes self-concept clarity: On differences between women and men, and low- and high-clarity individuals. Sex Roles, 50(7–8), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023067.77649.29> https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023067.77649.29
CVTI. (2021). Prehľad vysokých škôl. Centrum vedecko-technických informácií SR. https://www.cvtisr.sk/cvti-sr-vedecka-kniznica/informacie-o-skolstve/publikacie-casopisy.../zistovanie-kvalifikovanosti/prehlad-vysokych-skol.html?page_id=9573> https://www.cvtisr.sk/cvti-sr-vedecka-kniznica/informacie-o-skolstve/publikacie-casopisy.../zistovanie-kvalifikovanosti/prehlad-vysokych-skol.html?page_id=9573
De Cooman, R., & Dries, N. (2012). Attracting Generation Y: How work values predict organizational attraction in graduating students in Belgium. In Managing the new workforce (pp. 42–63). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857933010.00008> https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857933010.00008
Deloitte (2022). Deloitte’s Gen Z and Millennial Survey reveals two generations striving for balance and advocating for change. https://www2.deloitte.com/cn/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/deloittes-gen-z-and-millennial-survey-reveals-two-generations-striving-for-balance-and-advocating-for-change.html> https://www2.deloitte.com/cn/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/deloittes-gen-z-and-millennial-survey-reveals-two-generations-striving-for-balance-and-advocating-for-change.html
Duffy, R. D., & Sedlacek, W. E. (2007). The work values of first‐year college students: Exploring group differences. The Career Development Quarterly, 55(4), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2007.tb00090.x> https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2007.tb00090.x
Egerová, D., Komárková, L., & Kutlák, J. (2021). Generation Y and generation Z employment expectations: A generational cohort comparative study from two countries. E a M: Ekonomie a Management, 24(3), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-03-006> https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2021-03-006
Ettis, S. A. (2022). How do personal values help to build generation Y’s entrepreneurial intentions? The role of gender differences. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 37(1), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2021-0035> https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2021-0035
Fratričová, J., & Kirchmayer, Z. (2018). Barriers to work motivation of Generation Z. Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(2), 28–39.
Ferenčíková, S. (2023). A hundred years of solitude and fight: careers in Slovakia across three generations in Central and Eastern Europe. In Understanding careers around the globe (pp. 203–212). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035308415.00032> https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035308415.00032
Gilbert, G. R., Burnett, M. F., Phau, I., & Haar, J. (2010). Does gender matter? A review of work-related gender commonalities. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(8), 676–699. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011092336> https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011092336
Graczyk-Kucharska, M. & Erickson, S. (2020) A person-organization fit model of Generation Z: Preliminary studies. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 16(4), 149–176. https://doi.org/10.7341/20201645> https://doi.org/10.7341/20201645
Grow, J. & Yang, S. (2018). Generation-Z enters the advertising workplace: Expectations through a gendered lens. Journal of Advertising Education, 22(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098048218768595> https://doi.org/10.1177/1098048218768595
Halpern, D. F. (2005). How time-flexible work policies can reduce stress, improve health, and save money. Stress and Health, 21(3), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1049> https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1049
Hyrkäs, K., Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K., & Kivimäki, K. (2005). First‐line managers’ views of the long‐term effects of clinical supervision: How does clinical supervision support and develop leadership in health care? Journal of Nursing Management, 13(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00522.x> https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00522.x
Janíčko, M., & Šímová, Z. (2021). The role of family background, education and life changes in the work values of men and women in the Czech Republic. Social Studies, 17(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2021-15699> https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2021-15699
Jenkins, S. R. (1987). Need for achievement and women’s careers over 14 years: Evidence for occupational structure effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(5), 922–932. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.5.922> https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.5.922
Jenkins, R. (2019). The generation Z guide. Ryan Jenkins LLC.
Johnson, M. K. (2001). Change in job values during the transition to adulthood. Work and Occupations, 28(3), 315–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888401028003004> https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888401028003004
Kim, H., & Gong, Y. (2017). Effects of work–family and family–work conflicts on flexible work arrangements demand: A gender role perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(20), 2936–2956. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164217> https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164217
Kirchmayer, Z., & Fratričova, J. (2017). On the verge of generation Z: Career expectations of current university students. In Education excellence and innovation management through vision 2020 (pp. 1575–1583), IBIMA, Vienna, Austria.
Konrad, A. M., Ritchie, J. E., Jr., Lieb, P., & Corrigall, E. (2000). Sex differences and similarities in job attribute preferences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126(4), 593–641. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.593> https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.593
Kultalahti, S (2017). Stories of engagement within Finnish Generation Y. Journal of Finish Studies, 20(2), 172–195. https://doi.org/10.5406/28315081.20.2.10> https://doi.org/10.5406/28315081.20.2.10
Kultalahti, S., & Viitala, R. L. (2014). Sufficient challenges and a weekend ahead – Generation Y describing motivation at work. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(4), 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2014-0101> https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2014-0101
Kultalahti, S., & Viitala, R. (2015). Generation Y – challenging clients for HRM? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2014-0230> https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2014-0230
Kupczyk, T., Rupa, P., Gross-Golacka, E., Urbanska, K. & Parkitna, A. (2021). Expectations and requirements of Generation Z towards salary. European Research Studies Journal, 24(4), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2564> https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2564
Lalić, D., Stanković, J., Bošković, D., & Milić, B. (2019). Career expectations of generation Z. International joint conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 52–59). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43616-2_6> https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43616-2_6
Lassleben, H., & Hofmann, L. (2023). Attracting Gen Z talents: Do expectations towards employers vary by gender? Gender in Management: An International Journal, 38(4), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-08-2021-0247> https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-08-2021-0247
Lechner, C. M., Sortheix, F. M., Göllner, R., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2017). The development of work values during the transition to adulthood: A two-country study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.004> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.004
Lehtomäki, E., Janhonen-Abruquah, H., Tuomi, M. T., Okkolin, M. A., Posti-Ahokas, H., & Palojoki, P. (2014). Research to engage voices on the ground in educational development. International Journal of Educational Development, 35, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2013.01.003> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2013.01.003
Lyons, S., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005a). Are gender differences in basic human values a generational phenomenon? Sex Roles, 53(9–10), 763–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7740-4> https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7740-4
Lyons, S., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005b, May 28–31). An empirical assessment of generational differences in work-related values. In Proceedings of the Administrative Sciences Association Canada (ASAC) Symposium (pp. 62–71), Toronto, Canada.
Maloni, M., Hiatt, M. S., & Campbell, S. (2019). Understanding the work values of Gen Z business students. The International Journal of Management Education, 17(3), Article 100320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.100320> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.100320
Mesiäislehto, V., Katsui, H., & Sambaiga, R. (2021). Disparities in accessing sexual and reproductive health services at the intersection of disability and female adolescence in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), Article 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041657> https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041657
Neil, C. C., & Snizek, W. E. (1987). Work values, job characteristics, and gender. Sociological Perspectives, 30(3), 245–265. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389112> https://doi.org/10.2307/1389112
Ng, E. S., Posch, A., Köllen, T., Kraiczy, N., & Thom, N. (2022). Do “one-size” employment policies fit all young workers? Heterogeneity in work attribute preferences among the Millennial generation. BRQ Business Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/23409444221085587> https://doi.org/10.1177/23409444221085587
Ng, E. S., Schweitzer, L., & Lyons, S. T. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9159-4> https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9159-4
Ngoc, T. N., Dung, M. V., Rowley, C., & Bach, M. P. (2022) Generation Z job seekers’ expectations and their job pursuit intention: Evidence from transition and emerging economy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548> https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548
Ozkan, M., & Solmaz, B. (2015). The changing face of the employees – Generation Z and their perceptions of work (A study applied to university students). Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 476–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00876-X> https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00876-X
Rani, N., & Samuel, A. A. (2018). Understanding work values of Gen Y- A study on differences based on country of origin, gender and industry. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 21(4), 558–582. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2018.095785> https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2018.095785
Reevy, G. M., & Maslach, C. (2001). Use of social support: Gender and personality differences. Sex Roles, 44, 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011930128829> https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011930128829
Risman, B. J. (2004). Gender as a social structure – Theory wrestling with activism. Gender & Society, 18(4), 429–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265349> https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265349
Samutachak, B., Darawuttimaprakorn, N., & Manajit, S. (2021). Dream life dream job: lifestyles that determine job search criteria of Generation Y college students in Thailand. International Journal of Business, 26(1), 61–83.
Sánchez-Hernández, M. I., González-López, Ó. R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M. & Tato-Jiménez, J. L. (2019). Work-life balance in great companies and pending issues for engaging new generations at work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), Article 5122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122> https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122
Särkelä, E., & Suoranta, J. (2020). The method of empathy-based stories as a tool for research and teaching. The Qualitative Report, 25(2), 399–415. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4124> https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4124
Seemiller, C. & Grace, M. (2019). Generation Z: A Century in the Making. Routledge.
Sharabi, M. (2014). Gender preferences of work values and the effect of demographic factors. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Organizational Studies, 8(2), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888493020001001> https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888493020001001
Sharabi, M., & Harpaz, I. (2013). Changes of work values in changing economy: Perspectives of men and women. International Journal of Social Economics, 40(8), 692–706. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2012-0018> https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-01-2012-0018
Silva, J., & Carvalho, A. (2021). The work values of Portuguese generation z in the higher education-to-work transition phase. Social Sciences, 10(8), Article 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080297> https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080297
Song, Z., Yang, F., Boezeman, E. J., & Li, X. (2020). Do new-generation construction professionals be provided what they desire at work? A study on work values and supplies–values fit. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(10), 2835–2858. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-11-2019-0619> https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-11-2019-0619
Sortheix, F. M., Dietrich, J., Chow, A., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2013). The role of career values for work engagement during the transition to working life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 466–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.003> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.003
Štefko, R., Bačík, R., Fedorko, R., Gavurová, B., Horváth, J., & Propper, M. (2017). Gender differences in the case of work satisfaction and motivation. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1), 2015–2225. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2017.16.1.18> https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2017.16.1.18
Tien, H. -. S. (2011). An exploration of adult career interests and work values in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(4), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9157-x> https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9157-x
Tolbert, P. S., & Moen, P. (1998). Men’s and women’s definitions of “good” jobs: Similarities and differences by age and across time. Work and Occupations, 25(2), 168–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888498025002003> https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888498025002003
Trentham, S., & Larwood, L. (1998). Gender discrimination and the workplace: An examination of rational bias theory. Sex Roles, 38(1–2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018782226876> https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018782226876
Uusiautti, S., Harjula, S., Pennanen, T., & Määttä, K. (2014). Novice teachers’ well-being at work. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(3), 177–186.
Vallerand, R. J., & Blssonnette, R. (1992). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. Journal of Personality, 60(3), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x> https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x
Van Rossem, A. (2021). Introducing a cognitive approach in research about generational differences: The case of motivation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(14), 2911–2951. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1616592> https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1616592
Vanhuysse, P. (2023). A governance perspective on East Central Europe’s population predicament: Young exit, grey voice and lopsided loyalty. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1553/p-5gkf-6kn3> https://doi.org/10.1553/p-5gkf-6kn3
Verniers, C., & Vala, J. (2018). Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace: The mediating role of motherhood myths. PLoS ONE, 13(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190657> https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190657
Wallin, A., Koro-Ljungberg, M., & Eskola, J. (2019). The method of empathy-based stories. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 42(5), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2018.1533937> https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2018.1533937
Wallin, A., Pylväs, L., & Nokelainen, P. (2020). Government workers’ stories about professional development in a digitalized working life. Vocations and Learning, 13, 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-020-09248-y> https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-020-09248-y
Wayne, J. H., & Casper, W. J. (2016). Why having a family-supportive culture, not just policies, matters to male and female job seekers: An examination of work-family conflict, values, and self-interest. Sex Roles, 75(9–10), 459–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0645-7> https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0645-7
Weisgram, E. S., Dinella, L. M., & Fulcher, M. (2011). The role of masculinity/femininity, values, and occupational value affordances in shaping young men’s and women’s occupational choices. Sex Roles, 65(3), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9998-0> https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9998-0
Williams, C. L., Muller, C., & Kilanski, K. (2012). Gendered organizations in the new economy. Gender & Society, 26(4), 549–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243212445466> https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243212445466
World Economic Forum. (2021). Chart: How Gen Z employment levels compare in OECD. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/gen-z-unemployment-chart-global-comparisons/> https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/gen-z-unemployment-chart-global-comparisons/
Zahari, S. N. S., & Puteh, F. (2023). Gen Z workforce and job-hopping intention: A study among university students in Malaysia. Sciences, 13(1), 902–927. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i1/15540> https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i1/15540
View article in other formats
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.