Share:


From global mindset to international opportunities: the internationalization of Chinese SMEs

Abstract

Following China’s “One Belt One Road” global economic expansion strategy, Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) along with state-owned, large corporations are increasingly seeking business opportunities internationally. Little is known about the process of small firms’ international opportunity creation and discovery in this particular context. This study examines the role of Chinese SME manager’s global mindset in driving their international opportunity identification through two key activities in their internationalization process: international knowledge based and networking activities. Data were collected from a survey of 191 small and medium-sized enterprises in China. The results of structural equation modelling show that Chinese SME managers’ global mindset has a positive effect on both international networking and knowledge acquisition activities, which in turn have positive effects on the development of international opportunities. The findings suggest that SMEs, while going through the internationalization process, rely extensively on social interaction with foreign business partners to obtain knowledge of the customers and institutions in the foreign market.

Keyword : global mindset, internationalization, networking, international opportunity, knowledge acquisition, SME

How to Cite
He, C., Baranchenko, Y., Lin, Z., Szarucki, M., & Yukhanaev , A. (2020). From global mindset to international opportunities: the internationalization of Chinese SMEs. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(4), 967-986. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.12673
Published in Issue
May 14, 2020
Abstract Views
3789
PDF Downloads
2656
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Andersson, S., Gabrielsson, J., & Wictor, I. (2004). International activities in small firms: examining factors influencing the internationalization and export growth of small firms. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2004.tb00320.x

Arregle, J. L., Batjargal, B., Hitt, M. A., Webb, J. W., Miller, T., & Tsui, A. S. (2015). Family ties in entrepreneurs’ social networks and new venture growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(2), 313–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12044

Bai, W., Holmström Lind, C., & Johanson, M. (2016). The performance of international returnee ventures: the role of networking capability and the usefulness of international business knowledge. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(9–10), 657–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1234003

Bartlett, C., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Harvard Business School Press.

Bartunek, J. M., Gordon, J. R., & Weathersby, R. P. (1983). Developing “complicated” understanding in administrators. Academy of Management Review, 8(2), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1983.4284737

Batjargal, B. (2010). Network dynamics and new ventures in China: A longitudinal study. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 22(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620802628864

Bilgin, M. H., Lau, C. K., & Demir, E. (2012). Technology transfer, finance channels, and SME performance: new evidence from developing countries. The Singapore Economic Review, 57(03), 1250020. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590812500208

Brass, D. (1992). Power in organizations: A social network perspective. Research in Politics and Society, 4(1), 295–323.

Brislin, R. (1993). Understanding culture’s influence on behavior. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Brouthers, L. E., & Xu, K. (2002). Product stereotypes, strategy and performance satisfaction: The case of Chinese exporters. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(4), 657–677. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491038

Buzavaite, M., & Korsakiene, R. (2019). Human capital and the internationalisation of SMEs: A systemic literature review. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(3), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2019.070307

Cai, L., Liu, Q., Deng, S., & Cao, D. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation and external technology acquisition: an empirical test on performance of technology-based new ventures. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 15(3), 544–561. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.770786

Calof, J., & Beamish, P. (1995). Adapting to foreign markets: Explaining internationalization. International Business Review, 4(2), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(95)00001-G

Cardoza, G., & Fornes, G. (2011). The internationalisation of SMEs from China: the case of Ningxia Hui autonomous region. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(4), 737–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-009-9174-z

Chandra, Y., & Coviello, N. (2010). Broadening the concept of international entrepreneurship:‘Consumers as international entrepreneurs’. Journal of World Business, 45(3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2009.09.006

Dimitratos, P., Buck, T., Fletcher, M., & Li, N. (2016). The motivation of international entrepreneurship: The case of Chinese transnational entrepreneurs. International Business Review, 25(5), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.01.012

Du, J., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Does one belt one road initiative promote Chinese overseas direct investment? China Economic Review, 47, 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.05.010

Enderwick, P. (2018). The economic growth and development effects of China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative. Strategic Change, 27(5), 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2229

Evers, N., & O’Gorman, C. (2011). Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(7–8), 549–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985621003690299

Fabian, F., Molina, H., & Labianca, G. (2009). Understanding decisions to internationalize by small and medium-sized firms located in an emerging market. Management International Review, 49(5), 537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-009-0007-6

Felício, J., Caldeirinha, V., & Rodrigues, R. (2012). Global mindset and the internationalization of small firms: The importance of the characteristics of entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(4), 467–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0232-5

Felício, J., Meidutė, I., & Kyvik, Ø. (2016). Global mindset, cultural context, and the internationalization of SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 69, 4924–4932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.054

Felício, J. A., Caldeirinha, V. R., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, B. (2015). Corporate and individual global mindset and internationalization of European SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 797–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.031

Fletcher, D. (2000). Learning to “think global and act local”: experiences from the small business sector. Education + Training, 42(4/5), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910010373651

Freeman, S., Edwards, R., & Schroder, B. (2006). How smaller born-global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, 14(3), 33–63. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.14.3.33

Freixanet, J., Renart, G., & Rialp-Criado, A. (2018). The Impact of Managers’ Global Orientation on SME Export and Economic Performance. Management International Review, 58(4), 571–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0358-y

Fu, P. P., Tsui, A. S., & Dess, G. G. (2006). The dynamics of guanxi in Chinese hightech firms: Implications for knowledge management and decision making. Management International Review, 46(3), 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-006-0048-z

Galdeano-Gómez, E., Pérez-Mesa, J. C., & Aznar-Sánchez, J. A. (2016). Internationalisation of SMEs and simultaneous strategies of cooperation and competition: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 17(6), 1114–1132. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2014.959040

George, G., Wiklund, J., & Zahra, S. (2005). Ownership and the internationalization of small firms. Journal of Management, 31(2), 210–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271760

Govindarajan, V., & Gupta, A. (2001). The quest for global dominance. Josey-Bass.

Gupta, A., & Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640211

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800653614

Hall, C. (2007). When the dragon awakes: Internationalisation of SMEs in China and implications for Europe. CESifo Forum, 8(2), 29–34.

Hennart, J.-F., Majocchi, A., & Forlani, E. (2019). The myth of the stay-at-home family firm: How family-managed SMEs can overcome their internationalization limitations. Journal of International Business Studies, 50(5), 758–782. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0091-y

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Hitt, M., Javidan, M., & Steers, R. (2007). The global mindset: An introduction. In M. Javidan, R. Steers, & M. Hitt (Eds.), The global mindset (Advances in International Management) (Vol. 19, pp. 1–10). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-5027(07)19001-X

Hitt, M., Li, D., & Xu, K. (2016). International strategy: From local to global and beyond. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.016

Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2

Johannisson, B. (1986). Network strategies: management technology for entrepreneurship and change. International Small Business Journal, 5(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/026624268600500102

Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2006). Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: A note on the Uppsala internationalization process model. Management International Review, 46(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-006-0043-4

Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.24

Johnson, J., Lenartowicz, T., & Apud, S. (2006). Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(4), 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400205

Karami, M., & Tang, J. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation and SME international performance: The mediating role of networking capability and experiential learning. International Small Business Journal, 37(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242618807275

Karlins, M., & Lamm, H. (1967). Information search as a function of conceptual structure in a complex problem-solving task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 456–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024342

Kedia, B., & Mukherji, A. (1999). Global managers: Developing a mindset for global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 34(3), 230–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(99)00017-6

Kiss, A., Williams, D., & Houghton, S. (2013). Risk bias and the link between motivation and new venture post-entry international growth. International Business Review, 22(6), 1068–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.02.007

Knight, G. (2001). Entrepreneurship and strategy in the international SME. Journal of International Management, 7(3), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1075-4253(01)00042-4

Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

Korsakienė, R., & Tvaronavičienė, M. (2012). The internationalization of SMEs: an integrative approach. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(2), 294–307. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.620138

Kyvik, O., Saris, W., Bonet, E., & Felício, J. (2013). The internationalization of small firms: The relationship between the global mindset and firms’ internationalization behavior. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 172–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-013-0105-1

Larson, A., & Starr, J. (1993). A network model of organization formation. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(2), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301700201

Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S., & Boyacigiller, N. (2007). What we talk about when we talk about ‘global mindset’: Managerial cognition in multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2), 231–258. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400265

Li, J., Liu, B., & Qian, G. (2019). The belt and road initiative, cultural friction and ethnicity: Their effects on the export performance of SMEs in China. Journal of World Business, 54(4), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.04.004

Lien, C. H., & Cao, Y. (2014). Examining WeChat users’ motivations, trust, attitudes, and positive wordof-mouth: Evidence from China. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.08.013

Liesch, P., Welch, L., & Buckley, P. (2011). Risk and uncertainty in internationalisation and international entrepreneurship studies. Management International Review, 51(6), 851–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-011-0107-y

Lu, J., & Beamish, P. (2001). The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6–7), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.184

Lu, J., & Tao, Z. (2010). Determinants of entrepreneurial activities in China. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(3), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.005

Mainela, T., Puhakka, V., & Servais, P. (2014). The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: a review and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(1), 105–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12011

Maitland, E., & Sammartino, A. (2015). Managerial cognition and internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(7), 733–760. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2015.9

Majocchi, A., & Zucchella, A. (2003). Internationalization and performance: Findings from a set of Italian SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 21(3), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426030213001

McDougall, P., & Oviatt, B. (2000). International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 902–906. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556418

Meng, F., Rieckmann, J., & Li, C. (2016). Empirical evidence how social capital effects the internationalisation process of SME in Zhejiang. Transnational Corporations Review, 8(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2016.1233731

Minola, T., Donina, D., & Meoli, M. (2016). Students climbing the entrepreneurial ladder: Does university internationalization pay off? Small Business Economics, 47(3), 565–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9758-1

Miocevic, D., & Crnjak-Karanovic, B. (2012). Global mindset – a cognitive driver of small and mediumsized enterprise internationalization. The case of Croatian exporters. EuroMed Journal of Business, 7(2), 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/14502191211245589

Miocevic, D., & Morgan, R. E. (2018). Operational capabilities and entrepreneurial opportunities in emerging market firms: Explaining exporting SME growth. International Marketing Review, 35(2), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-12-2015-0270

Musteen, M., Francis, J., & Datta, D. K. (2010). The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: A study of Czech SMEs. Journal of World Business, 45(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2009.12.003

Niedermeier, K., Wang, E., & Zhang, X. (2016). The use of social media among business-to-business sales professionals in China: how social media helps create and solidify guanxi relationships between sales professionals and customers. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 10(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-08-2015-0054

Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (2004). A global mindset – a prerequisite for successful internationalization? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, 21(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2004.tb00322.x

Olejnik, E., & Swoboda, B. (2012). SMEs’ internationalisation patterns: descriptives, dynamics and determinants. International Marketing Review, 29(5), 466–495. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331211260340

Oviatt, B., & McDougall, P. (2005). The internationalization of entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400119

Parida, V., Pesämaa, O., Wincent, J., & Westerberg, M. (2017). Network capability, innovativeness, and performance: a multidimensional extension for entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(1–2), 94–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255434

Park, S. H., & Luo, Y. (2001). Guanxi and organizational dynamics: Organizational networking in Chinese firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(5), 455–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.167

Paul, H. (2000). Creating a global mindset. Thunderbird International Business Review, 42(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6874(200003/04)42:2<187::AID-TIE4>3.0.CO;2-7

Paul, J., Parthasarathy, S., & Gupta, P. (2017). Exporting challenges of SMEs: A review and future research agenda. Journal of World Business, 52, 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.01.003

Perlmutter, H. (1969). The tortuous evolution of the multinational corporation. Columbia Journal of World Business, 4(1), 9–18.

Pinho, J., & Prange, C. (2016). The effect of social networks and dynamic internationalization capabilities on international performance. Journal of World Business, 51(3), 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.001

Reuber, A. R., & Fischer, E. (1997). The influence of the management team’s international experience on the internationalization behaviors of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), 807–825. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490120

Rhinesmith, S. (1992). Global mindsets for global managers. Training & Development, 46(10), 63–69.

Ribau, C. P., Moreira, A. C., & Raposo, M. (2017). SMEs innovation capabilities and export performance: an entrepreneurial orientation view. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 18(5), 920–934. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2017.1352534

Rieckmann, J. M., Wan, H., & Meng, F. (2019). Social capital and its influence on the internationalisation strategy and process of Chinese SME from the manufacturing industry. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, 33(3–4), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2019.10022688

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS GmbH.

Ruzzier, M., Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R. (2007). The internationalization of SMEs: developing and testing a multi-dimensional measure on Slovenian firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(2), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620601137646

Ruzzier, M., Hisrich, R., & Antoncic, B. (2006). SME internationalization research: past, present, and future. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 476–497. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000610705705

Schweizer, R., Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2010). Internationalization as an entrepreneurial process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 343–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0064-8

Shi, H. X., Graves, C., & Barbera, F. (2019). Intergenerational succession and internationalisation strategy of family SMEs: Evidence from China. Long Range Planning, 52(4), 101838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.05.004

Streufert, S., & Swezey, R. (1986). Complexity, managers and organizations. Academic Press.

Su, Z., Xie, E., & Wang, D. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation, managerial networking, and new venture performance in China. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 228–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12069

Tang, Y. K. (2011). The Influence of networking on the internationalization of SMEs: Evidence from internationalized Chinese firms. International Small Business Journal, 29(4), 374–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610369748

Tu, F. (2016). WeChat and civil society in China. Communication and the Public, 1(3), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047316667518

Wright, M., Westhead, P., & Ucbasaran, D. (2007). Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and international entrepreneurship: A critique and policy implications. Regional Studies, 41(7), 1013–1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120288

Yukhanaev, A., Fallon, G., Baranchenko, Y., & Anisimova, A. (2015). An investigation into the formal institutional constraints that restrict entrepreneurship and SME growth in Russia. Journal of EastWest Business, 21(4), 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2015.1092190

Zahra, S., & George, G. (2002). International entrepreneurship: The current status of the field and future research agenda. In M. Hitt, R. Ireland, S. Camp, & D. Sexton (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: creating a new mindset (pp. 255–288). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631234104.2002.00012.x

Zhang, X., Ma, X., & Wang, Y. (2012). Entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, and the internationalization of SMEs: Evidence from China. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54(2), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21451

Zhang, X., Ma, X., Wang, Y., Li, X., & Huo, D. (2016). What drives the internationalization of Chinese SMEs? The joint effects of international entrepreneurship characteristics, network ties, and firm ownership. International Business Review, 25(2), 522–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.09.001

Zhang, X., & Xia, W. (2014). Integrating small and medium-size enterprises into global trade flows: the case of China. In M. Jansen, M. Jallab, & M. Smeets (Eds.), Connecting to global markets: Challenges and opportunities: case studies presented by WTO chair-holders (pp. 41–53). World Trade Organization Publications. https://doi.org/10.30875/255a109c-en

Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Lee, S. H., & Bo Chen, L. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation, organizational learning, and performance: Evidence from China. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2), 293–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00359.x

Zhao, Z., Zhu, M., & Hao, X. (2018). Share the Gaze: representation of destination image on the Chinese social platform WeChat Moments. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(6), 726–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1432449

Zhou, Y., Yu, Y., Chen, X., & Zhou, X. (2018). Guanxi or justice? an empirical study of WeChat voting. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4053-5

Zhu, Y., Wittmann, X., & Peng, M. W. (2012). Institution-based barriers to innovation in SMEs in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(4), 1131–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9263-7