Aircraft hydraulic drive energy losses and operation delay associated with the pipeline and fitting connections
Abstract
Theoretical research on hydraulic processes occurring in aircraft hydraulic drives is presented in the studies. Installation of angular fitting connections in aircraft pipeline systems influences hydrodynamic processes and fluid flow characteristics analysed in the research. The provided analysis is based on a validated numerical model utilizing Navier–Stokes equations and the k-epsilon turbulence model. Fluid flow inside the aircraft hydraulic drive pipeline system was investigated with flow rates up to 100 l/min. A mesh independence study was conducted for numerical simulation of the fluid flow. The obtained results include fluid pressure drops, energy losses, and operational delays associated with fluid flow vortex formations at 45° and 90° angular fitting connections. Additionally, compared results from standard methods of calculation for angular fitting connections, including the equivalent length and equivalent length same shape methods.
Keyword : aircraft, hydraulic drive, pipeline, operation delay, energy losses, fitting, CFD, design stage
How to Cite
Karpenko, M. (2024). Aircraft hydraulic drive energy losses and operation delay associated with the pipeline and fitting connections. Aviation, 28(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.20946
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Stosiak, M. (2012). The modelling of hydraulic distributor slide–sleeve interaction. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 12(2), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.04.002
Urbanowicz, K., Stosiak, M., Towarnicki, K., & Bergant, A. (2021). Theoretical and experimental investigations of transient flow in oil-hydraulic small-diameter pipe system. Engineering Failure Analysis, 128, Article 105607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105607
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Yan, X., Chen, B., Zhang, D., Wu, C., & Luo, W. (2019). An energy-saving method to reduce the installed power of hydraulic press machines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.084
Zhang, J., Lingwei, L., Xinglong, Z., Tianhong, Z., & Yuan, Y. (2022). Delay analysis and the control of electro-hydrostatic actuators. Applied Sciences, 12(6), Article 3089. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12063089
Bertolino, A., De Martin, A., Jacazio, G., & Sorli, M. (2021). A case study on the detection and prognosis of internal leakages in electro-hydraulic flight control actuators. Actuators, 10(9), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/act10090215
British National Standard. (2005). Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads – Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation (BS EN 10226-2:2005). British Standards Institution.
Chuang, G., & Ferng, Y. (2018). Investigating effects of injection angles and velocity ratios on thermal-hydraulic behavior and thermal striping in a T-junction. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 126, 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.12.016
Crane Co. (1976). Flow of fluids through valves, fittings and pipe [Technical paper no. 410]. Crane Co.
Crane Co. (1982). Flow of fluids through valves, fittings and pipe [Technical paper, Metric version – si units]. Crane Co.
Eaton. (2020). Eaton hydraulic hose and tubing. Safety guide (Document No. E-HOHP-TT003-E). https://www.eaton.com/ecm/groups/public/@pub/@eaton/@hyd/documents/content/pct_4085913.pdf
European Standard. (2015). Rubber hoses and hose assemblies. Wire braid reinforced hydraulic type. Specification (EN 853 2SN:2015). European Standards.
German National Standard. (2017). Pressure fluids – Hydraulic oils – Part 2: HLP hydraulic oils, Minimum requirements (DIN 51524-2). DIN.
Hooper, W. (1981). The two-K method predicts head losses in pipe fittings. Chemistry Engineering, 88(17), 96–100.
International Standard Organisation. (2016). Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies – Guidelines for selection, storage, use and maintenance. Specification (ISO 8331:2016). ISO.
Kai, Z., Zhifeng, L., Suiran, Y., Xinyu, L., Haihong, H., & Baotong, L. (2015). Analytical energy dissipation in large and medium-sized hydraulic press. Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, 908–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.093093
Karpenko, M. & Bogdevičius, M. (2020). Investigation into the hydrodynamic processes of fitting connections for determining pressure losses of transport hydraulic drive. Transport, 35(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12335
Karpenko, M. (2021). Investigation of energy efficiency of mobile machinery hydraulic drives [Dissertation, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]. VGTU repository. https://doi.org/10.20334/2021-028-M
Karpenko, M. (2022). Landing gear failures connected with high-pressure hoses and analysis of trends in aircraft technical problems. Aviation, 26(3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.17751
Karpenko, M., Prentkovskis, O., & Šukevičius, Š. (2022). Research on high-pressure hose with repairing fitting and influence on energy parameter of the hydraulic drive. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 24(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2022.1.4
Kong, X., Majumdar, H., Zang, F., Jiang, S., Wu, Q., & Zhang, W. (2019). A multi-switching mode intelligent hybrid control of electro-hydraulic proportional systems. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 233(1), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406218756446
Kudźma, Z., & Stosiak, M. (2013). Reduction of infrasounds in machines with hydrostatic drive. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 15(2), 51–64. https://www.actabio.pwr.wroc.pl/Vol15No2/6.pdf
Leśniewski, T., Stosiak, M., Lubecki, M., & Krawczyk, J. (2022). Wear resistance of selected anti-wear coatings used in multi-material composite hydraulic cylinders. Aviation, 26(3), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.17728
Li, D., Fu, X., Zuo, Z., Wang, H., Li, Z., Liu, S., & Wei, X. (2019). Investigation methods for analysis of transient phenomena concerning design and operation of hydraulic-machine systems – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101, 26–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.023
Liu, H., Zhang, X., Quan, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Research on energy consumption of injection molding machine driven by five different types of electro-hydraulic power units. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, Article 118355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118355
Lu, C., Wang, S., & Makis, V. (2017). Fault severity recognition of aviation piston pump based on feature extraction of EEMD paving and optimized support vector regression model. Aerospace Science and Technology, 67, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.03.039
Lubecki, M., Stosiak, M., Bocian, M., & Urbanowicz, K. (2021). Analysis of selected dynamic properties of the composite hydraulic micro hose. Engineering Failure Analysis, 125, Article 105431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105431
Mehmood, Z., Hameed, A., Safdar, S., & Siddiqui, F. (2021). Multiaxial stress mapping and fatigue failure prediction of aircraft hydraulic pipes. Engineering Failure Analysis, 121, 195–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.105168
Moraesa, M. S. de, & Muiños Torneiros, D. L., da Silva Rosa, V., Souza Higa, J., De Castro, Y. R., Ramos Santos, A., de Almeida Coelho, N. M., & de Moraes Jr. D. (2017). Experimental quantification of the head loss coefficient K for fittings and semi-industrial pipe cross section solid concentration profile in pneumatic conveying of polypropylene pellets in dilute phase. Powder Technology, 310, 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.039
Nishimura, S., & Matsunaga, T. (2000). Analysis of response lag in hydraulic power steering system. JSAE Review, 21(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0389-4304(99)00059-4
Parker Hannifin Ltd. (2019). Hydraulic hoses, fittings and Equipment. Technical handbook. Bulletin BUL/C4400-A/UK. https://www.parker.com/content/dam/Parker-com/Literature/Polymer-Hose-Division-Europe/Sales-and-Marketing-Bulletins/4400_Rubber-Hydraulic/Technical-Handbook-UK.pdf
Reveley, M., Briggs, J., Evans, J., Sandifer, C., & Jones, S. (2021). Causal factors and adverse Conditions of Aviation Accidents and Incidents Related to Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (NASA/TM-216967). NASA.
Shen, K., & Dongbiao, Z. (2022). Fault diagnosis for aircraft hydraulic systems via one-dimensional multichannel convolution neural network. Actuators, 11(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/act11070182
Stosiak, M. (2012). The modelling of hydraulic distributor slide–sleeve interaction. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 12(2), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.04.002
Urbanowicz, K., Stosiak, M., Towarnicki, K., & Bergant, A. (2021). Theoretical and experimental investigations of transient flow in oil-hydraulic small-diameter pipe system. Engineering Failure Analysis, 128, Article 105607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105607
Valdes, J., Rodrigues, J., Saumell, J., & Putz, T. (2014). A methodology for the parametric modelling of the flow coefficients and flow rate in hydraulic valves. Energy Conversion and Management, 88, 598–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.057
Yan, X., Chen, B., Zhang, D., Wu, C., & Luo, W. (2019). An energy-saving method to reduce the installed power of hydraulic press machines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.084
Zhang, J., Lingwei, L., Xinglong, Z., Tianhong, Z., & Yuan, Y. (2022). Delay analysis and the control of electro-hydrostatic actuators. Applied Sciences, 12(6), Article 3089. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12063089