Transport
type: channel
description: The journal TRANSPORT publishes articles in the fields of: transport policy; fundamentals of the transport system; technology for carrying passengers and freight using road, railway, inland waterways, sea and air transport; technology for multimodal transportation and logistics; loading technology; roads, railways; airports, ports; traffic safety and environment protection; design, manufacture and exploitation of motor vehicles; pipeline transport; transport energetics; fuels, lubricants and maintenance materials; teamwork of customs and transport; transport information technologies; transport economics and management; transport standards; transport educology and history, etc. More information ...
publisher: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
language: en
publication name: Transport
issn: 1648-4142
copyright: Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
items: Examining the factors affecting users′ security perceptions on a pedestrian street: a case study of Çark Street, Sakarya, Turkey
items: Correlation between public transport stop demand and the number of people living in different distances in regions
items: Urban traffic flow simulation in various weather conditions using long short-term memory-based machine learning
items: Improving the efficiency of using an electric scooter in urban electromobility
items: A data-driven picking strategy for micro fulfilment centers in quick commerce: the case of Korea
items: Extended security control and delay propagation in air cargo transport operations: implications for supply chain continuity
items: Modelling solutions for cost optimization in multimodal transports considering the operational risk variables
items: Co-governance of online car-hailing operation based on passenger feedback
items: Assessing sustainability in BRI railway projects with a novel integrated fuzzy methodology
items: Tourists′ local buses ridership and pandemic resilience: a smart card data analysis in Southern Catalonia
items: Location of urban logistics distribution centers considering cargo transportation services of a public transportation system
items: Factors influencing CO2 emissions in petrol passenger cars: evidence from Slovakia
items: Logistics operations management in the Industry 4.0 era: a case study for transition of an automotive company′s operations to fourth-party logistics structure
items: Multi-bus-line joint operation strategy of optimizing bus speed and intersection signal priority to minimize passengers waiting time
items: Novel hybrid model for addressing uncertainty of the road safety composite indicator: integration of DEA and weighted GRA
items: Modelling and optimizing flights diversion due to destination airport closure
items: Light utility vehicle data in Latvia: methodology, key findings, and applications
items: Reliability-driven depreciation modelling for aircraft engine life-limited parts
items: An evaluation study on immigrants′ transport system adaptation behaviour: Turkey example
items: The approach to optimization of the structure of the repair process of aviation radio equipment
items: Accessibility of public transport for people with disabilities: a systematic literature review
items: The impact of basic traffic flow characteristics on traffic accident occurrence on 2-lane rural roads in Serbia
items: A case study of the use of statistical processing of the armature rotation irregularities for the diagnostics of locomotive traction electric motors
items: Real-time information-based combined control method for bus delay
items: Viability of automation, robotization and intelligent systems in the last-mile delivery: a roadmap for future research
items: Forecasting short-term passenger flow on a bus route: a splitting–integrating method based on passenger travel behavior
items: Multi-objective electric vehicle cold chain logistics location-routing problem with charging-stations
items: Reducing CO2 emissions by improving road design: a driving simulator study
items: Well-to-wheel analysis of the emissions from the electric buses used in Poland and Czechia
items: Risk analysis of road traffic accidents in Ukraine

Examining the factors affecting users′ security perceptions on a pedestrian street: a case study of Çark Street, Sakarya, Turkey
type: item
description: While main streets in cities provide pedestrians with opportunities such as shopping and recreation, visitors′ perceived security can influence pedestrian traffic at such streets. Similarly, sociodemographic backgrounds of pedestrians can affect their perceptions of safety and security. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find out the factors that affect perceived security in urban pedestrian streets. In this direction, pedestrians′ security perceptions were systematically investigated by conducting 200 face-to-face surveys at Çark Street, a well-known pedestrian street in the city of Sakarya (Turkey). Çark Street is 550 m long, 15…20 m wide and made of stamped concrete paving. The street was pedestrianized in early 2000s. There are commercial establishments such as clothing stores, restaurants, technology stores and gift shops, while offices for various professional groups (such as doctors, lawyers, accountants), cafes and residences are located in the upper levels of buildings. The questionnaire was composed of 3 parts as follows: Part 1 included 3 questions to collect respondent demographic information such as education and income level; Part 2 included 6 questions to find out respondents′ reasons to visit Çark Street, as well as the frequency and timing of their visits; Part 3 had 25 questions to investigate pedestrians′ security perceptions. The degree at which various factors such as crowd and street lighting that influence security perceptions were measured by using Likert scale and relevant statistical analyses. The results indicated that landscape reinforcement elements, as well as frequency and duration of a visit influence visitors′ security perceptions. The results show that security perception changes based on gender and timing of a visit. For instance, female visitors tend to feel more unsafe than male visitors during the evening hours. Based on the findings, suggestions are offered for designing safe and secure pedestrian streets. Overall, t…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: pedestrianization
  topic: keywords
subject: pedestrian traffic
  topic: keywords
subject: perceived security
  topic: keywords
subject: satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: transportation
  topic: keywords
subject: urban space
  topic: keywords
creator: Gökhan Pehlivan
creator: Haldun Müderrisoğlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 62
ending page: 74
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.27813

Correlation between public transport stop demand and the number of people living in different distances in regions
type: item
description: Properly developed public transport infrastructure, a well-organised public transport route network and mixed territorial development contribute to regional development, strengthen the regional labour market and help reduce social exclusion. Mobility issues in sparsely populated areas receive less attention from policy makers and territorial planners than in cities. The accessibility of public transport in sparsely populated and difficult to reach rural areas is less studied. The need for public transport for residents depends not only on the distribution of places of work, education, and leisure of residents, on their transport mobility, but also on public transport infrastructure and the supply of transport. It is accepted that in European cities the average distances to public transport stops are less than 500 m. In remote, sparsely populated areas, the distances are much greater. The analysed foreign examples showed that in rural areas the distance varies from 500 m to 4.5 km. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that no consensus has yet been reached on the optimal walking distance to public transport stops that would ensure adequate service accessibility for residents of sparsely populated areas. The purpose aim of this study, based on data from one Lithuanian region (Klaipėda district municipality), is to identify statistically significant distance thresholds that influence public transport use by integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) based spatial population data with passenger demand analysis, thereby creating a data-driven basis for optimizing public transport stop locations in sparsely populated regions. The study was conducted in 4 steps. In the Step 1, a database of stops was prepared, where groups of stops serving the same population were combined. In the Step 2, data on the need for stops were collected and the main service distances of stops that will be studied were determined. In the Step 3, the population of residents living at select…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: public transport
  topic: keywords
subject: accessibility
  topic: keywords
subject: pair correlation
  topic: keywords
subject: population
  topic: keywords
subject: stop demand
  topic: keywords
creator: Rasa Ušpalytė-Vitkūnienė
creator: Andrius Samuilovas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 48
ending page: 61
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.27389

Urban traffic flow simulation in various weather conditions using long short-term memory-based machine learning
type: item
description: This study proposes a weather-aware short-term urban traffic prediction framework that combines microscopic traffic simulation with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based Machine Learning (ML) for forecasting vehicle flow at selected urban junctions. The research is motivated by the need to improve traffic-state prediction under varying environmental conditions, since weather disturbances such as rain, fog, and snow significantly affect driver-behaviour, vehicle speed, spacing, and intersection throughput. The simulation environment was developed in the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) platform using an urban road segment derived from geographic map data and traffic-flow information from the Vilnius city traffic database. 2 monitored junctions were selected as observation points, and traffic behaviour was simulated under 5 weather scenarios: normal conditions, light rain, heavy rain, fog, and snow. Weather-dependent driver parameters, including speed factor, reaction time, acceleration, deceleration, driver imperfection, and minimum gap, were incorporated into the simulation in order to reproduce realistic traffic dynamics. The generated simulation data, including vehicle count, speed, waiting time, temporal features, and encoded weather conditions, were used to train and evaluate multiple LSTM models through an AutoML-based tuning procedure. Among different configurations, the best-performing model consisted of 3 recurrent layers and achieved a validation RMSE of 0.1056 with a validation loss of 0.0652. The results show that the proposed framework is capable of reproducing the general temporal structure of urban traffic flow and preserving the relative ordering of traffic intensity across weather scenarios. Prediction quality was highest under normal conditions, with RMSE of approximately 0.21 veh/min, while the poorest accuracy was observed under snow conditions (about 2.5 veh/min). The model captured dominant traffic trends effectively, although it tended to smoo…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: traffic flow simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: traffic flow prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: weather condition simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: SUMO
  topic: keywords
creator: Giedrius Garbinčius
creator: Mantas Makulavičius
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-14
publication date: 2026-05-14
starting page: 36
ending page: 47
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.26773

Improving the efficiency of using an electric scooter in urban electromobility
type: item
description: The popularity of electric scooters as an individual means of transport results from their availability in the urban sharing system, ease of movement in the city and reduction of driving time compared to other means of passenger transport. The user can choose from a whole range of vehicles with different driving range and equipment with elements increasing the functionality of using the scooter. The article presents a proposal for changes to the design of a typical electric scooter. The main objective of the work is the engineering design of suspension and braking systems, in particular the swing arm suspension of the front and rear wheels and an additional disc brake. Increasing the diameter of the wheels and equipping it with a front and rear suspension system allowed for the reduction of vibrations and shocks transferred to the vehicle when driving on uneven surfaces. The results of analytical calculations confirming the positive effects of the introduced modifications were included. Adding a disc brake allowed for shortening the braking distance from 13.7 to 8.9 m, which has a positive effect on driving safety. A Finite Element Method (FEM) strength analysis was also performed, the results of which confirm the correctness of the new design. The modernized design improved the ride comfort and safety of using the electric scooter. First published online 9 February 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: brake system
  topic: keywords
subject: design
  topic: keywords
subject: electric scooter
  topic: keywords
subject: FEM
  topic: keywords
subject: solid model
  topic: keywords
subject: suspension system
  topic: keywords
subject: urban transport
  topic: keywords
creator: Jacek Caban
creator: Aleksander Nieoczym
creator: Edgar Sokolovskij
creator: Kazimierz Drozd
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 343
ending page: 353
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.25948

A data-driven picking strategy for micro fulfilment centers in quick commerce: the case of Korea
type: item
description: Quick Commerce (Q-Commerce) allows customers to receive their orders from near Micro Fulfilment Centers (MFCs) in a short time. However, the fulfilment centers are difficult to maintain responsive and reliable delivery services with traditional Single Order Picking (SOP) systems. Motivated by the above challenge, this study develops a hybrid picking method for an order fulfilment center of a Korean delivery company. The hybrid method considers certain rules for order batching to complement a SOP method. The order batching rules enable pickers to deal with 2 customer orders within a specific range of order lines. The order picking development are based on the results of a Warehouse Activity Profiling (WAP) analysis. This analysis shows possible approaches for the development of the hybrid method by considering arrival rates of customer orders and their variability in terms of item type and quantity. Afterwards, the hybrid method is validated with an agent-based simulation model using actual order information of the case study company. This study finds that the hybrid method shows consistent performance in terms of order picking and fulfilment times under wide ranges of order arrival rate and variability.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: online batch picking
  topic: keywords
subject: single order picking
  topic: keywords
subject: warehouse activity profiling
  topic: keywords
subject: agent-based simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: quick commerce
  topic: keywords
creator: Kwang-Tae Kim
creator: Dong-Hoon Son
creator: Hyunwoo Kim
creator: Hongchul Lee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.26098

Extended security control and delay propagation in air cargo transport operations: implications for supply chain continuity
type: item
description: Prior research on security controls in air cargo terminals has primarily focused on protecting passengers, crews, and airport infrastructure, while largely overlooking the maintenance of supply chain continuity. The present study addresses this gap by analysing how the configuration, spatial placement, and scheduling of screening procedures affect the stability of cargo flows, as well as the incidence and propagation of delays in air freight operations. Evidence was collected at 2 terminals – a regional facility in southern Poland and a large international terminal in southern Europe, which enabled a comparative assessment that accounts for organisational and structural differences. The analysis mapped screening procedures onto the operational timeline of cargo-handling. Standard screening consisted of radiographic inspection of palletised consignments using an X-ray system. A negative result triggered an extended screening path comprising, in sequence, canine inspection, chemical screening using reactive swabs, and manual inspection of the load unit after opening by a qualified specialist. The total delay was computed as the sum of the times associated with the additional screening steps and the waiting time for the substitute uplift. Findings for 2022–2024 indicate pronounced differences between terminals in both the scale and effectiveness of controls. At the regional terminal, 3…6% of shipments were routed to extended screening, the average duration of additional actions was 1…2 h, and the final delay was 14…20 h. At the international terminal, the corresponding values were 12…15%, 5…7 h, and 84…95 h. The most significant delays were generated by procedures requiring external specialists, such as crate-opening technicians, and by the organisation of replacement transport. Where specialist support was provided periodically, the waiting time for inspection could reach up to 7 days, whereas smaller facilities operated with near-immediate response times. Based on th…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: air cargo transport
  topic: keywords
subject: security screening
  topic: keywords
subject: extended checks
  topic: keywords
subject: delay propagation
  topic: keywords
subject: supply chain continuity
  topic: keywords
subject: terminal operations
  topic: keywords
subject: scheduling
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomasz Nowakowski
creator: Jacek Ryczyński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 297
ending page: 309
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.25801

Modelling solutions for cost optimization in multimodal transports considering the operational risk variables
type: item
description: The general risk assessment usually has the potential of setting a viable ground for pursuing a complex mathematical model based on an objective function, defined by several variables and constraints, which can be further applied for the specific analysis of multimodal transport. In order to assess the operational risks in multimodal transports, the authors have formulated an objective function with the aim of minimizes the sum of total cost of transportation on route components depending on the risk variables, respectively for road, maritime and railway subsystems of multimodal transport, in different combinatorial perspectives. The main objective of this study is to provide a method to value the overall risk assessment based on the defined objective function, considering both the variables that may influence the cost effectiveness and the relevant probabilities for each route component of multimodal transport. In this perspective, the authors have sought to provide practical solutions for decision-making process in multimodal routing, to optimize the costs on different routes and to contribute for decision-making process in routing and transports mode selection. The main contribution is residing from the novelty of decision-making process approach, considering the risk variables in different combination, facile to be applied professional in multimodal transportation in routing process, when risks are to be considered as significant for process reliability. First published online 19 January 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: risk management
  topic: keywords
subject: multimodal transport
  topic: keywords
subject: modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: transport cost
  topic: keywords
subject: cost optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: objective function
  topic: keywords
subject: route selection
  topic: keywords
creator: Catalin Popa
creator: Ovidiu Stefanov
creator: Rima Mickienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 249
ending page: 259
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.25716

Co-governance of online car-hailing operation based on passenger feedback
type: item
description: The illegal operation of online car drivers is a recurring issue that has garnered significant societal attention. The literature has investigated this problem primarily from the perspectives of the government, platforms, and drivers, while the mechanisms for co-governance among different stakeholders in addressing illegal online car-hailing operations have received limited focus. Additionally, the role of passengers in the online car-hailing process has not been sufficiently explored, leading to a lack of systematic research conclusions and inherent limitations. To analyse the evolutionary equilibrium strategies of participants under various scenarios and their influencing factors, a tripartite evolutionary game model involving passengers, drivers, and online car-hailing platforms was constructed. The decision-making behaviours of these stakeholders were examined through numerical simulation. The results indicate that by strengthening investigations and addressing illegal behaviours, online car-hailing platforms can significantly reduce the likelihood of drivers′ illegal operations. Furthermore, increasing the amount of guarantee deposits can increase drivers′ respect for regulations. Additionally, improving passenger satisfaction can be achieved by increasing compensation for participation in co-governance and increasing promotional rewards from platforms, thereby enhancing service quality. Strengthened supervision strategies not only boost platforms′ social reputation and management efficiency but also create positive incentives for strict supervision through penalty income. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing the supervision of the online car-hailing industry, emphasizing the critical roles of strict supervision, positive incentives, and public participation in elevating service standards. The findings enrich the theoretical understanding of online car-hailing market supervision and offer innovative co-governance strategies aimed at foste…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: online car-hailing platform
  topic: keywords
subject: passenger feedback
  topic: keywords
subject: co-governance
  topic: keywords
subject: evolutionary game model
  topic: keywords
subject: illegal operations
  topic: keywords
creator: Jinlong Chen
creator: Xinrui Chen
creator: Lijuan Wu
creator: Yuriy Bilan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 230
ending page: 248
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.25584

Assessing sustainability in BRI railway projects with a novel integrated fuzzy methodology
type: item
description: China′s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and South–South cooperation have received universal concern over sovereignty and debt issue, despite their goal to promote development. In Africa, the rapid expansion of Chinese-funded railway projects has overtaken the development of systematic methods for evaluating sustainability, producing a serious gap in decision-making. To address this challenge, this study proposes an integrated methodological approach, i.e., Delphi, PIvot Pairwise RElative Criteria Importance Assessment (PIPRECIA), Logarithmic Percentage Change-Driven Objective Weighting (LOPCOW), and Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) methods within the p, q Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets (p, q ROFSs) to assess sustainability performance under high uncertainty. The findings indicate that trade facilitation, job creation, debt sustainability, accessibility and connectivity, and safety and security are the most significant criteria for sustainability. Among the projects assessed, the Nairobi – Mombasa Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) project exhibits greatest sustainability performance, followed by the Addis Ababa – Djibouti railway while others indicated weakened outcomes because of restricted freight integration. These findings recommend that future projects should prioritize powerful trade and freight connections, guarantee employment creation and skills transfer, and implementing financing models that safeguard debt sustainability. In doing so, policymakers, managers, and planners can reinforce regional integration, improve the long-term socio-economic advantages, and obtain the operational and financial viability of extensive railway investments in Africa.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: sustainability performance analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Chinese railway project
  topic: keywords
subject: developing country
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-criteria decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: p, q rung orthopair fuzzy sets (p, q ROFSs)
  topic: keywords
subject: p, q ROFS–Delphi–PIPRECIA–LOPCOW–EDAS
  topic: keywords
creator: Mouhamed Bayane Bouraima
creator: Simeng Dong
creator: Ahmet Aytekin
creator: Zhuanyun Yang
creator: Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani
creator: Su Qian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 197
ending page: 229
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.25439

Tourists′ local buses ridership and pandemic resilience: a smart card data analysis in Southern Catalonia
type: item
description: The COVID-19 pandemic′s harmful effects have varied across economic sectors and been particularly adverse for the transport and tourism sectors. This article analyses the pandemic′s impact on tourists′ use of public transport since 2020, including its patterns of change and general decline, using data from more than 40000 smart card holders considered to be summertime users during the peak tourist season in Camp de Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain). 3 model-based clustering analyses of pre-pandemic data from 2019 were performed and used to classify data generated since the pandemic began in 2020. The 1st model included variables of each smart card′s volume of activity, the 2nd model analysed the concentration or spatial dispersion of validated uses of each card, and the 3rd model examined the temporal dimension of the use of smart cards depending on the defined objective. Among the major findings, the number of journeys plunged by 92% in summer 2020 – that is, by far more than throughout the year (64%), which suggests a higher loss of travellers linked with tourism activities (e.g., tourists, 2nd-residence owners, and workers in the tourism sector). Regarding the spatial dimension, patterns with minor reductions related to trips taken within cities (45%) or between major cities (78%). By contrast, travellers with sprawled patterns fell the use by 93%. Last, profiles obtained from variables of a temporary nature presented similar percentages of losses; the most significant losses were for use distributed throughout the day (91.81%) and throughout the night (90.12%). This article provides valuable insights into the pandemic′s varied effects on the use of public transport during peak season at a tourist destination, insights that could inform policies and actions to ensure a more robust response to future crises.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: public transport
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: smart card data
  topic: keywords
subject: traveller profile
  topic: keywords
subject: resilience
  topic: keywords
creator: Aaron Gutiérrez
creator: Leonardo Monteiro-Fialho
creator: Sergio Trilles
creator: Benito Zaragozí
creator: Carlos Granell
creator: Daniel Miravet
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 173
ending page: 196
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.24650

Location of urban logistics distribution centers considering cargo transportation services of a public transportation system
type: item
description: Urban logistics distribution accounts for a large proportion of CO2 emissions generated by urban transportation. Reducing CO2 emissions in the process of logistics distribution is one of the urgent urban problems to be solved. This article investigates the location of urban logistics distribution centers considering cargo transportation services of a public transportation system. Considering one or several bus lines for representing a public transportation system, several collaborative distribution scenarios are studied, and 2 mixed integer linear programming models are established to explore the impact of the public transportation system on the location of distribution centers in urban logistics. Numerical experiments show the influence of different bus lines on the location of distribution centers, collaborative distribution and truck carbon emissions in Dalian (China). In any case, the possibility of establishing distribution centers in blocks 5 and 42 of Dalian is very high. When bus lines are used, the highest bus line utilization can reach 47.83%, and the CO2 emission can be reduced by up to 36.3%. In terms of different bus lines, line 2002 is more suitable to participate in the collaborative distribution in Dalian compared with other bus lines. First published online 2 February 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: distribution center
  topic: keywords
subject: urban logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: collaborative distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon emission
  topic: keywords
subject: public transportation system
  topic: keywords
creator: Qian Wang
creator: Jianfeng Zheng
creator: Huibin Liu
creator: Yao Wang
creator: Xia Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 310
ending page: 326
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.22872

Factors influencing CO2 emissions in petrol passenger cars: evidence from Slovakia
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to identify the factors that influence the evolution of CO2 emissions in gasoline passenger cars. Specifically, the factors that can be obtained during emission measurements at technical inspection stations are analysed. This identification is used to determine the factors obtained by measurements at the technical inspection stations that should be used as a design element for the taxation of petrol road vehicles in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The underlying source was data recorded by the vehicle technical inspection stations in 2019 and worked with passenger petrol cars of category M1. In total, almost 460000 passenger cars were analysed. 12 factors were used for each car, from which 7 variables were identified through 2 methods (BMA and WALS) as likely to have a statistically significant effect on the magnitude of CO2 emissions. Subsequently, the effect of each factor was determined by OLS with robust Std. Err. Our results show that the maximum engine power and the latest emission standards can be used as design element for the taxation of gasoline road vehicles, as a positive relationship between the growth of this factor and the magnitude of CO2 emissions of gasoline vehicles has been demonstrated.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: petrol passenger cars
  topic: keywords
subject: externalities of transport
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon dioxide
  topic: keywords
subject: emission factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovakia
  topic: keywords
creator: Břetislav Andrlík
creator: Michal Mádr
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-14
publication date: 2026-04-14
starting page: 14
ending page: 24
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.22871

Logistics operations management in the Industry 4.0 era: a case study for transition of an automotive company′s operations to fourth-party logistics structure
type: item
description: In recent years, the understanding of minimum inventory and customer satisfaction in the flow of goods and services from manufacturers to end-users is of great importance among the factors that make businesses more interested in outsourcing logistics activities. Additionally, technological transformation and customer requests for complicated technology and services caused the appearance of new circumstances, which is progressively altering the industry. In this regard, choosing, managing and coordinating between multiple vendors become very difficult and time consuming so, companies outsource more functions while supply chain operations getting more complex. Companies generally preferred 3PL providers for their logistics functions including packaging design and management of company-owned assets. On the other hand, with technological transformation in logistic sector, businesses are looking to outsource 4PL more than ever. 4PL system transitions are difficult processes since it requires comprehensive system integration and should be well understood by the company′s supply chain team. Today, although the importance of 4PL systems is more understood and this structure is becoming more widespread, many companies still face similar adaptation problems. From this point of view, it is believed that this study creates important insights into the business world. In this study, the transition process of an automotive company is examined which successfully completed after a 5-month project period. As a detailed case study, the Transportation Management Module (TTM) is selected since the whole transition process was very comprehensive and included many dimensions. Study revealed that adaptation of the new system, developed by the partnership of the automotive company and 4PL company, provided several benefits. In this sense, with the transition of Transportation Management (TM), TTM is reduced by 2 days, almost 10% savings are reported in the whole company and only in the Turk…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: fourth-party logistics (4PL)
  topic: keywords
subject: outsourcing
  topic: keywords
subject: transport management
  topic: keywords
subject: automotive
  topic: keywords
creator: Hülya Döner
creator: Özalp Vayvay
creator: Pelin Vardarlier
creator: Zeynep Tuğçe Kalender
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 280
ending page: 296
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.22869

Multi-bus-line joint operation strategy of optimizing bus speed and intersection signal priority to minimize passengers waiting time
type: item
description: The rapid increase in the number of vehicles reduces the efficiency of transportation networks in modern big cities. Thus, minimizing passengers waiting time by bus has become an inevitable approach. Through intelligent bus systems and Dedicated Bus Lanes (DBLs), jointly optimizing bus speed and intersection signal priority has become a feasible research objective for multi-bus-lines. Moreover, the length of Beijing (China) DBLs will be 1020 km in 2022. Considering the requirements of the Beijing Bus Group, a problem model is formulated, including multi-bus-lines, time-varying passenger flow, bus-speed-control only on DBLs, and intersection signal control. In this study, the real-time framework of the multi-bus-line joint operation strategy with the Transformable Salp Swarm Algorithm (TSSA) is proposed. Moreover, the small optimization interval effectively reduces the impact of bus-speed-control inaccuracy and the errors between the joint optimization scheme and actual operation states. In the real-time framework, only the speed of the bus traveling on DBLs could be guided in the form of real-number speed, and this bus-speed scheme is safe. Additionally, the strategy could compensate for the travel time in the non-priority direction after buses pass through intersections, and this is effective to avoid traffic congestion. As the online optimization algorithm, TSSA simulates the grouping activity of salp swarms. Based on actual data from Beijing Bus Group, 6 test problems are constructed, and the joint operation strategy outperforms others. First published online 20 January 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: joint operation strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-bus-line
  topic: keywords
subject: time-varying passenger flow
  topic: keywords
subject: speed guidance on dedicated bus lane
  topic: keywords
subject: traffic signal priority
  topic: keywords
creator: Hong Guang Zhang
creator: Ting Ting Liu
creator: Yuan An Liu
creator: Xiang Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 260
ending page: 279
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.22868

Novel hybrid model for addressing uncertainty of the road safety composite indicator: integration of DEA and weighted GRA
type: item
description: Creating a composite indicator is a popular concept in evaluating and comparing road safety of territories. While many other approaches are used, most current interest is on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for measuring the relative performance in efficiency terms. Usefulness of DEA, which measure performance in efficiency terms, has already been proven. However, the indicators commonly used to construct a road safety composite index are not always precise and accurate (particularly safety performance indicators), and the results obtained from this type of data does not seem to be solid. So, the main aim of this paper is to represent the novel methodology to effectively evaluate the state of road safety and create a reliable composite index of the selected entities when imprecise data are involved and, to produce reliable composite index under uncertain environment. DEA, the weighting method Fan–Ma, and the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) were integrated into hybrid methodology to obtain a more realistic and relevant picture of road safety. Applying this hybrid methodology, peculiarity of DEA is retained, scores are further differentiated, and entities are ranked and classified according to the road safety level. A case study was conducted to evaluate and rank municipalities, determine road safety classes and benchmark the territories under study. Results were verified indicating the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed methodology and its superiority to basic DEA as regards the territory ranking. First published online 3 February 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: road safety
  topic: keywords
subject: composite indicator
  topic: keywords
subject: data envelopment analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: uncertainty
  topic: keywords
subject: grey relational analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Fan–Ma
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Antić
creator: Mirjana Grdinić-Rakonjac
creator: Vladimir Pajković
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 327
ending page: 342
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.20539

Modelling and optimizing flights diversion due to destination airport closure
type: item
description: With the fast development of civil aviation, large number of flights operate in major airports in rush hour. Extreme natural disasters, terrorism, and incidents may interrupt its normal operation, even lead temporary closure. Abrupt airport outage causes significant flights diverting to alternate airports. In this article, a centralized optimization method is proposed for the management and optimization of widespread flight diversion. Based on the idea of Collaborative Decision-Making (CDM), a linear programming model formulation is developed to assign flights, who are inbound to a temporary closed destination airport in an emergency, to divert to appropriate alternate airports. The objectives are minimizing total diverting time of flights as well as maximizing the expectation to alternate airports for airlines. Incorporating relevant real-world features, flights remaining flying time available and expectation of alternate airports are taken into account from airlines operation perspective. Airport alternate capacity, the category of aircraft could be accepted and the arriving flight slots assigned are considered for alternate airports. In addition, aircraft cruise speed, en-route wind, air traffic congestion and so on is considered. In the case study, it is found that under the given condition of 50 flights and 8 alternate airports, all flights can be accommodated within the remaining flying time, 33 (66%) flights are less 60 min and 48 (98%) flights are less than 120 min. The model solving time expenditure is less than one 2nd. It can meet the emergency condition and prevent a longer decision-making process. Comparing with the objective of the shortest diverting time as literature, the total diverting time is suboptimal but the formulation can get a better expectation of alternate airports for flights, which provides more flexibility of operations in airlines.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: flight diversion
  topic: keywords
subject: alternate airport
  topic: keywords
subject: rerouting
  topic: keywords
subject: collaborative decision-making (CDM)
  topic: keywords
subject: air traffic control
  topic: keywords
subject: airport closure
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiangling Zhao
creator: Yu Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
starting page: 25
ending page: 35
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.20537

Light utility vehicle data in Latvia: methodology, key findings, and applications
type: item
description: The number of Light Utility Vehicles (LUVs) in the national vehicle registers keeps increasing, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend is mainly due to the accelerated growth of e-commerce and home delivery services, as well as the shift in delivery methods from traditional courier and postal services to the use of parcel lockers. Although LUV accounts for a relatively small share of total freight tonnage compared to other freight modes, it accounts for a disproportionately large share of Vehicle-Kilometres (vkm) travelled, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This contributes to increased transport-related emissions and poses significant challenges for urban transport systems, including increased infrastructure pressure, traffic congestion and complexity in traffic management, particularly in relation to the planning of low or zero-emission zones in cities. In the EU, official freight transport statistics may not include vehicles with a maximum permissible load of up to 3500 kg, meaning that such vehicles are not systematically collected. Therefore, the development of appropriate methodologies and the analysis of available data on LUV are both necessary and valuable, especially given their increasing prevalence. These efforts can provide essential insights to support evidence-based transport planning and policymaking. The importance of detailed freight transport statistics is underlined by major EU policy initiatives such as the White Paper (EC 2011), the European Green Deal (EC 2019) and the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy (EC 2020) aimed at reducing GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. The goal of this research is to propose a methodology for LUV data collection, share data insights from its initial approval by presenting key findings, and suggest further uses of the data. First published online 16 June 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: light utility vehicle
  topic: keywords
subject: transport emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: road freight statistics
  topic: keywords
creator: Dita Zemīte
creator: Aiva Niedra
creator: Mihails Savrasovs
creator: Nadežda Spiridovska
creator: Evelīna Budiloviča
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.27279

Reliability-driven depreciation modelling for aircraft engine life-limited parts
type: item
description: The valuation of aircraft engines in the secondary market is critically influenced by the condition and remaining life of their Life-Limited Parts (LLPs). Traditional approaches often rely on fixed depreciation coefficients that fail to reflect the true operational history or probabilistic risk of failure. This study proposes a lifecycle-aware valuation framework based on Weibull-distributed failure modelling, enabling the computation of adaptive cost reduction coefficients for individual LLPs. Using simulated and operationally realistic data, the model estimates reliability-driven depreciation curves and quantifies residual value degradation over time. Comparative analysis confirms that the Weibull distribution provides superior flexibility and interpretability compared to alternative statistical laws. The methodology captures nonlinear wear-out dynamics and supports the generation of part-specific valuation profiles. The resulting insights enhance the accuracy and transparency of engine appraisal, teardown pricing, and leasing negotiations. This approach offers a practical foundation for integrating condition-based economic modelling with digital asset management systems in aviation). First published online 9 June 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: aircraft engine valuation
  topic: keywords
subject: Weibull distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: life-limited parts
  topic: keywords
subject: residual value
  topic: keywords
subject: aviation asset management
  topic: keywords
creator: Leonid Shoshin
creator: Alexey Evsugin
creator: Vladislav Ilyukhin
creator: Igor Kabashkin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.27218

An evaluation study on immigrants′ transport system adaptation behaviour: Turkey example
type: item
description: Global migration patterns have led to significant population shifts, particularly in regions such as Turkey, which has experienced a substantial influx of immigrants due to political crises, economic instability, and armed conflicts. This study examines the adaptation behaviour of immigrants to Turkey′s transport system, identifying key challenges, expectations, and integration patterns. Using survey data from immigrants in Turkey, the study explores the role of demographic factors, prior transport experiences, and socio-economic conditions in shaping mobility choices. The findings indicate that while many aspects of Turkey′s transport system are familiar to immigrants, significant barriers such as high travel costs, unclear traffic signage, and language-related difficulties hinder complete adaptation. Younger, higher-educated immigrants and those from culturally similar backgrounds demonstrate a faster integration process, whereas older immigrants and those with limited educational backgrounds face more significant obstacles. Statistical analyses, including multiple linear regression and decision tree classifier, reveal that age is the most significant predictor of long-term transport adaptation. Additionally, the study highlights that as the duration of stay increases, immigrants exhibit a higher reliance on public transportation, with ownership of private vehicles gradually rising among long-term residents. The research underscores the need for policy interventions, such as reducing transport costs, improving multilingual signage, and offering integration programs to enhance immigrant mobility. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and transport authorities striving to develop more inclusive and efficient transport systems.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: immigrants
  topic: keywords
subject: transportation
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: decision tree classifier
  topic: keywords
subject: survey
  topic: keywords
creator: Metin Mutlu Aydin
creator: Eren Dağli
creator: Mehmet Sıddık Çadirci
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-05
publication date: 2025-06-05
starting page: 35
ending page: 49
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.24066

The approach to optimization of the structure of the repair process of aviation radio equipment
type: item
description: The Operation System (OS) of Aviation Radio Equipment (ARE) includes such elements as equipment, organizational structure, processes, documentation, personnel, measuring equipment, consumables and information resources, and others. When considering the problems of primary design and modernization of OSs, a large number of problems arise that can be solved with the help of intelligent decision support systems. During the operation of ARE, significant material resources are consumed, the amount of which is usually random. Therefore, during design, one of the main tasks is to ensure the minimum costs. This article considers the task of cost optimization within the organizational structure of the repair process. At the same time, the article provides analytical equations that allow to calculate and estimate operational costs for a given organizational structure, tariffs for repair and delivery of equipment components, and failure flow parameters. Attention is also paid to the task of rationalizing the organizational structure of the repair process, taking into account the efficiency of the decision-making procedures depending on the failure type (simple or complex). In addition, the article considers an example of several scenarios for the possible placement of repair enterprises in the airports of Ukraine during the post-war reconstruction period.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: operational cost optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational structure
  topic: keywords
subject: airport planning
  topic: keywords
subject: intelligent systems
  topic: keywords
subject: aviation radio equipment
  topic: keywords
subject: operation
  topic: keywords
subject: repair
  topic: keywords
creator: Maksym Zaliskyi
creator: Viktoriia Ivannikova
creator: Oleksandr Solomentsev
creator: Ivan Ostroumov
creator: Nataliia Kuzmenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-05
publication date: 2025-06-05
starting page: 50
ending page: 63
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.24012

Accessibility of public transport for people with disabilities: a systematic literature review
type: item
description: The use of public transport is a facilitator for the development of people′s abilities and a channel for their participation in society. Mobility limitations are a cause of social exclusion and people with disabilities is one of the groups most likely to suffer from it. Problems using public transportation are among the main causes for this exclusion. The aim of this research is to conduct a systematic review of the published literature on to public transport accessibility for people with disabilities. We have found articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals between 2010 and 2022, searching in Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) and Scopus databases implementing the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology and applying Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Of the 2224 documents found during the initial search, we selected 65 articles according to the criteria used, more than 60% of them published in the last 4 years. Despite the growing literature on public transport and disability, there is still little research into this area, with the urban bus being the most studied mode of transport; and physical disability the most analysed in the articles identified.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
subject: public transport
  topic: keywords
subject: transport policy
  topic: keywords
subject: disability
  topic: keywords
subject: accessibility
  topic: keywords
subject: transport disadvantaged
  topic: keywords
subject: literature review
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan L. Elorduy
creator: Angel M. Gento
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-06
publication date: 2025-06-06
starting page: 74
ending page: 93
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.23562

The impact of basic traffic flow characteristics on traffic accident occurrence on 2-lane rural roads in Serbia
type: item
description: Basic traffic flow characteristics, such as volume and speed, represent the key criteria for estimating the level of service and traffic safety. Numerous studies have been conducted with the aim of determining the impact of the basic traffic flow characteristics on traffic accident occurrence. However, the mutual impact of traffic volume and speed characteristics has not been examined to a sufficient degree. Therefore, the authors of the article analysed the mutual impact of average annual daily traffic (AADT), share of heavy vehicles in the traffic flow (%HV) and speed parameters (such as speed variance $\left( \sigma^2_{s} \right)$, average travel speed (ATS), speed limit credibility and percentage of exceeding the speed limit (%ESL) on traffic accident occurrence on Class I 2-lane rural roads in the Serbia. The article analysed spatial distribution and traffic accidents′ severity on homogeneous segments equipped with automatic traffic counters, which provided data on speeds and other traffic flow characteristics during a 5-year period. The application of generalised linear models led to the development of 3 negative binomial models with an natural logarithm (ln) link function for the (1) total number of traffic accidents (ACT), (2) property damage only accidents (ACPDO) and (3) injury and fatality accidents (ACI&F). The obtained results show that 3 variables are statistically significant in all 3 final models: (1) AADT, (2) $\sigma^2_{s}$ and (3) difference between the free-flow speed and speed limit $\left( \small\Delta S_{ff - {lim}} \right)$. All variables included in the final models are positively associated with the dependent variable. In other words, the rise of the values of AADT, $\sigma^2_{s}$ and $\small\Delta S_{ff - {lim}}$ variables increases the expected number of traffic accidents. The variable related to the %HV is statistically significant in the models related to the ACT and traffic accidents with injuries and fatalities, and it is positively a…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: traffic flow
  topic: keywords
subject: automatic traffic counter
  topic: keywords
subject: average annual daily traffic
  topic: keywords
subject: speed variance
  topic: keywords
subject: 2-lane rural road
  topic: keywords
subject: speed limit credibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Nemanja Stepanović
creator: Vladan Tubić
creator: Marina Milenković
creator: Katarina Halaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-06
publication date: 2025-06-06
starting page: 64
ending page: 73
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.20543

A case study of the use of statistical processing of the armature rotation irregularities for the diagnostics of locomotive traction electric motors
type: item
description: Locomotive Traction Electric Motors (TEMs) generate power to rotate the wheelsets of diesel or electric locomotives, electric or diesel multiple units. TEMs are the most critical parts of traction rolling stock on which exploitation costs, reliability and train traffic safety depend. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the possibility of diagnostics the technical condition of the TEM using the rotation irregularities of the armature shaft in the electric motor as a diagnostic parameter. The article analyses the main causes of TEM failures and methods for diagnosing electric motors in operation. The expediency of using the rotation irregularities of the armature shaft in the electric motor as a diagnostic parameter is substantiated. The structural flowchart of the device for measuring the rotation irregularities of the armature is presented. Diagnosing the mechanical part of an electric motor is chosen as an implementation example. The authors confirmed the connection between the technical condition of the electric motor and the statistical indicators calculated for the signal of the rotation irregularities of the armature shaft.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: locomotive
  topic: keywords
subject: traction electric motor
  topic: keywords
subject: defect
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnostic
  topic: keywords
subject: rotation irregularity
  topic: keywords
subject: statistical metric
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnostic signal
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Bodnar
creator: Oleksandr Ochkаsov
creator: Tetiana Hryshechkina
creator: Viačeslav Petrenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-11
publication date: 2025-04-11
starting page: 24
ending page: 34
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.23229

Real-time information-based combined control method for bus delay
type: item
description: As environmental pollution and energy consumption become increasingly serious concerns, more cities are opting for electric buses over traditional fuel buses. However, the stability and reliability of electric buses during operation are challenged by the unpredictability of traffic flow and passenger demand. Factors such as traffic congestion, weather conditions, and fluctuations in passenger numbers can compromise the punctuality of electric bus services, often resulting in delays. To address these challenges, a real-time dual-objective bus control model for mixed traffic scenarios has been proposed. This model aims to minimize both passenger time costs and company operational costs. Factors such as intersections and traffic flow are also considered. A combined control strategy, including speed control and a backup bus replacement strategy, has been proposed. Speed control is specifically aimed at managing intersection delays, allowing buses to adjust their speeds to pass through intersections optimally between queue dissipation and the end of the green-light period. The backup bus replacement strategy, on the other hand, is implemented at bus terminals, where a backup bus replaces a delayed one to maintain the schedule. A heuristic algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is incorporated into the model, enhancing its effectiveness by iteratively updating the positions and velocities of particles in the search space. Harbin City Road 96 was selected as a case study for model validation. In the off-peak case scenario, schedule deviation was reduced by 89% through the implementation of the proposed speed control strategy. Additionally, passenger waiting time was reduced by 8%, and passenger travel time was reduced by 14%. In the peak case scenario, the proposed control strategy effectively eliminated bus departure delays originating within the bus system. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed model to significantly enhance the reliabilit…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: electric bus
  topic: keywords
subject: speed control
  topic: keywords
subject: backup bus replacement strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: dual-objective model
  topic: keywords
subject: heuristic algorithm
  topic: keywords
creator: Baoyu Hu
creator: Xinlei Song
creator: Yangyang Fu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-06
publication date: 2025-08-06
starting page: 105
ending page: 119
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.22886

Viability of automation, robotization and intelligent systems in the last-mile delivery: a roadmap for future research
type: item
description: Cutting-edge technologies in automation, robotization and intelligent systems are emerging in last-mile delivery. However, lacking knowledge on viability is limiting the application and transformation in the final stage of logistics chains. The aim of this article is to identify viable automation, robotization and intelligent solutions and discuss their association for last-mile delivery optimization. This article therefore presents a systematic review of automation, robotization and intelligent solutions, followed by empirical data collected from a workshop with practitioners and representatives of logistic companies, seeking to identify associated opportunities and challenges. The analysis resulted in 3 clusters of innovative solutions discerned upon functional characteristics. Furthermore, the acquired empirical data enabled co-relation from theory and practice to both ensuing opportunities and challenges. By analysing the input by practitioners in the field, we propose internal development and spillover effects as deriving opportunities, technical requirements, and societal concerns as emanating challenges. Based on the diversity of opportunities and challenges associated to each solution, this study proposes a roadmap for future research.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: automation
  topic: keywords
subject: robotization
  topic: keywords
subject: intelligent systems
  topic: keywords
subject: last-mile delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: big data
  topic: keywords
subject: Logistics 4.0
  topic: keywords
creator: Adriana Saraceni
creator: Rozali Oleko
creator: Lisi Guan
creator: Lieven Quintens
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 141
ending page: 157
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.22883

Forecasting short-term passenger flow on a bus route: a splitting–integrating method based on passenger travel behavior
type: item
description: Short-term passenger flow forecasting is the key to implement real-time dynamic dispatching of buses, which can meet the travel time requirement of passengers with different attributes. In practice, it is difficult to obtain passenger attribute information due to the restriction of bus information systems or other conditions. This article proposes a new perspective on identifying passenger attribute information, that is, the correlation between the bus card number and the travel time is used to analyse passenger travel behaviour. Then using the travel frequency as the splitting boundary, the passenger set is split into different types of subsets, which are predicted by different methods. The total forecast values are obtained by integration, so as to explore the effectiveness of the passenger attribute identification and splitting–integrating method. The result shows that: (1) compared with the forecasting method without considering the passenger travel behaviour, the performance of splitting–integrating method is better, and the passenger attribute identification method is effective; (2) the value of the splitting boundary will affect the size and consistency of the subset, and the optimal value can be sought according to forecast results; (3) different types of subsets should be treated by different forecasting models and combination paths.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: short-term passenger flow forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: bus passenger flow
  topic: keywords
subject: passenger attribute
  topic: keywords
subject: passenger travel behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: splitting–integrating method
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiaoping Fang
creator: Mei Lin
creator: Weiya Chen
creator: Xin Pan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-24
publication date: 2025-02-24
starting page: 12
ending page: 23
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.20517

Multi-objective electric vehicle cold chain logistics location-routing problem with charging-stations
type: item
description: This study focuses on an Electric Vehicle (EV) cold chain logistics location-routing problem with charging-stations that aims at optimizing the location of depots, the delivery routing of EVs, the time planning for visiting all customers and the location of charging-stations. To tackle this problem, a multi-objective optimization model is established to minimize cold chain logistics cost, and at the same time maximize cold chain logistics network efficiency. An integrated algorithm that combines an Improved Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (IAFSA) and a Label-based Charging-station Optimization Algorithm (LCOA) is used to solve the proposed model. Extensive computational experiments are conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model, and show the efficiency of the developed algorithm. Moreover, the effects of battery driving range and traveling speed on the results are explored through the sensitivity analysis that provides decision supports for logistics enterprises to operate an EV cold chain logistics network. First published online 31 July 2026
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: cold chain logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: electric vehicle
  topic: keywords
subject: location-routing problem
  topic: keywords
subject: charging-station
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-objective optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial fish swarm algorithm
  topic: keywords
creator: Yi Liu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.3846/transport.2026.22870

Reducing CO2 emissions by improving road design: a driving simulator study
type: item
description: In the last decade, the causes of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions were widely studied, to delete or, at least, mitigate them. In the road context, as reasonable, greater importance was assigned to the vehicles, since huge traffic flows, including high percentages of trucks, determine negative impacts on the environment. On the contrary, the role of the road infrastructure has always been considered marginal. It was thought as a functional element on which the traffic flows move, without evaluating the role of its geometrical characteristics on exhaust gas emissions. The proposed research aims to verify whether some road features, related to its horizontal geometry, influence the carbon dioxide production of vehicles or, on the contrary, if it is not sensitive to the different geometrical compositions. A driving simulator gives the opportunity to calculate the emissions from fuel consumption data, in turn, calculated through the engine mapping of an ordinary vehicle. The proposed procedure may be easily applied to any road context and may represent a further checking element for the infrastructure efficiency, in terms of environmental impacts. The results, derived from a test phase in a simulated environment and obtained using 3 different one-way ANOVAs, allowed the authors to define some interesting conclusions. The trend of the carbon dioxide function depends on curve radius and lengths and on tangent length; therefore, an opportune alignment design can effectively contribute to control emission values. The experiments confirmed that designing a consistent road is fundamental, but this cannot be deduced by traditional literature models.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: environmental impact
  topic: keywords
subject: fuel consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable transport
  topic: keywords
subject: road
  topic: keywords
subject: emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: CO2
  topic: keywords
creator: Gaetano Bosurgi
creator: Stellario Marra
creator: Orazio Pellegrino
creator: Giuseppe Sollazzo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-14
publication date: 2025-02-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.23228

Well-to-wheel analysis of the emissions from the electric buses used in Poland and Czechia
type: item
description: Road transport is one of the major sources of pollution. To solve this problem, alternative fuels with a lower environmental impact are sought. Therefore, it is important to determine the impact of the life cycle of transport fuels in order to assess, which of them are more environment-friendly by taking into account the emissions generated during fuel production and vehicle operation. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular. This article discusses a life cycle approach to the assessment of transport fuels intended for electric buses. It presents a comparative Well-To-Wheel (WTW) analysis of the emissions from the buses used in Poland and Czechia by analysing their life cycle, with particular consideration of the production of the electricity required to charge electric batteries. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of an electric bus and a conventional diesel bus has been performed. The results of the analysis are expressed as Greenhouse Gas (CHG) emission ratios across the life cycle of the buses operated in Poland and Czechia.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: electric bus
  topic: keywords
subject: well-to-wheel analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: life cycle assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: Czechia
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Folęga
creator: Simona Jursová
creator: Dorota Burchart
creator: Pavlína Pustejovská
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-04
publication date: 2025-08-04
starting page: 94
ending page: 104
doi: 10.3846/transport.2025.22887

Risk analysis of road traffic accidents in Ukraine
type: item
description: This article presents a comprehensive investigation into the causes of road transport accidents in Ukraine, focusing on the application of risk analysis to minimize economic and human losses. The study begins with a detailed examination of the current road safety scenario in Ukraine, highlighting the alarming statistics of road accidents and their consequences. The central aim is to develop effective strategies for controlling and managing the causes of road accidents. The research identifies the primary factors contributing to road accidents, such as exceeding safe speed limits, driving under the influence of alcohol, etc. A risk management system is proposed, encompassing the creation of a structured risk management framework, development of methodologies, and implementation of information and analytical systems. The article emphasizes the importance of continuous risk monitoring and assessment, including risk identification, analysis, and management. Statistical observations and analysis play a crucial role in diagnosing risks, which are then used to devise risk minimization measures and improve road safety. The study concludes with recommendations for risk-based decision-making and the implementation of targeted interventions to reduce road accidents and associated risks in Ukraine. First published online 11 February 2025
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: road transport accidents
  topic: keywords
subject: risk analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: traffic safety
  topic: keywords
subject: risk management
  topic: keywords
subject: statistical analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: safety interventions
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleg Lyashuk
creator: Dmytro Mironov
creator: Volodymyr Martyniuk
creator: Viktor Aulin
creator: Oleg Tson
creator: Pavlo Maruschak
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 350
ending page: 359
doi: 10.3846/transport.2024.23190