Lifecycle performance measurement of public-private partnerships: a case study in China’s water sector
Abstract
Numerous public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects have been operating in China after nearly 30 years of development. Surprisingly, few lessons and experiences have been drawn from these existing cases, thereby creating an urgent demand for a comprehensive evaluation of their performance. Thus, this paper presents a timely contribution to the assessment of a representative PPP project in China’s water sector, the Chengdu No. 6 Water Plant B Project, from a lifecycle perspective. Through a triangulation method, the project is generally deemed a success providing instructive lessons on the future evolutionary development of PPPs in China despite several imperfections caused by particular historical factors. Moreover, this paper advances the performance measurement of PPPs offering empirical insights to promote the efficacy of conceptual performance measurement frameworks. The outcomes of this research are especially valuable to the current Chinese PPP community where huge opportunities and challenges simultaneously exist.
Keyword : public-private partnership, water sector, lifecycle performance measurement, China, case study
How to Cite
Bao, F., Martek, I., Chen, C., Chan, A. P. C., & Yu, Y. (2018). Lifecycle performance measurement of public-private partnerships: a case study in China’s water sector. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 22(6), 516-531. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2018.6048
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
ADB. (2006). Guidelines for preparing performance evaluation reports for public sector operations. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32516/guidelines-evaluation-public-sector.pdf
ADB. (2008). Public–private partnerships handbook. Philippines: ADB.
Ansar, A., Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A., & Lunn, D. (2016). Does infrastructure investment lead to economic growth or economic fragility? Evidence from China. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(3), 360-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grw022
Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 17(6), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6
Bao, F., Chan, A. P. C., Chen, C., & Darko, A. (2018). Review of public-private partnership literature from a project life cycle perspective. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000424
Bassioni, H. A., Price, A. D. F., & Hassan, T. M. (2004). Performance measurement in construction. Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(2), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2004)20:2(42)
Bititci, U. S., Carrie, A. S., & McDevitt, L. (1997). Integrated performance measurement systems: a development guide. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(5), 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579710167230
Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. (2017). Circular on further regulating the behavior of local government borrowing for financing. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-05/03/content_5190675.htm
Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, A. P. L. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(2), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770410532624
Chan, A. P. C., Darko, A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Strategies for promoting green building technologies adoption in the construction industry – an international study. Sustainability, 9(6), 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060969
Chen, C. (2009). Can the pilot BOT Project provide a template for future projects? A case study of the Chengdu No. 6 Water Plant B Project. International Journal of Project Management, 27(6), 573-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.10.006
Chen, C., & Doloi, H. (2008). BOT application in China: driving and impeding factors. International Journal of Project Management, 26(4), 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.07.002
Cheng, Z., Ke, Y., Lin, J., Yang, Z., & Cai, J. (2016). Spatio-temporal dynamics of public private partnership projects in China. International Journal of Project Management, 34(7), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.006
Cheung, E., & Chan, A. P. (2009). Is BOT the best financing model to procure infrastructure projects? A case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 27(3), 290-302. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635780910951984
Chou, J.-S., & Lin, C. (2012). Predicting disputes in public-private partnership projects: classification and ensemble models. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 27(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000197
Chou, J. S., Hsu, S. C., Lin, C. W., & Chang, Y. C. (2016). Classifying influential for project information to discover rule sets for project disputes and possible resolutions. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1706-1716.
Cruz, C. O., Marques, R. C., & Pereira, I. (2015). Alternative contractual arrangements for urban light rail systems: lessons from two case studies. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000942
Dayue Consulting. (2014). The world bank PPP unit visit Dayue. Retrieved from http://www.dayue.com/templates/T_Second/index.aspx?contentid=2302&nodeid=50&page=ContentPage
EIB. (2012). The guide to guidance: how to prepare, procure and deliver PPP projects. Retrieved from http://www.eib. org/attachments/epec/epec_the_guide_to_guidance_en.pdf?f =search&media=search
El-Gohary, N. M., Osman, H., & El-Diraby, T. E. (2006). Stakeholder management for public private partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7), 595-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.009
Gerring, J. (2007). Is there a (viable) crucial-case method? Comparative Political Studies, 40(3), 231-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006290784
Hall, D., Lobina, E., & Terhorst, P. (2013). Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: water in France and energy in Germany. International Review of Applied Economics, 27(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2012.754844
Ham, H. V., & Koppenjan, J. (2001). Building public-private partnerships: assessing and managing risks in port development. Public Management Review, 3(4), 593-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616670110070622
Han, Y. (2006). Research on the BOT financing mode of Chengdu No. 6 water plant B project. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
Henjewele, C., Sun, M., & Fewings, P. (2014). Comparative performance of healthcare and transport PFI projects: empirical study on the influence of key factors. International Journal of Project Management, 32(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.01.008
HM Treasury. (2004). Regularity, propriety and value for money. London, UK: HM Treasury.
HM Treasury. (2008). Infrastructure procurement: delivering longterm value. UK Government.
HM Treasury. (2013a). Making savings in operational PFI contracts. London, UK: HM Treasury.
HM Treasury. (2013b). PFI/PPP finance guidance. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pfippp-finance-guidance
HM Treasury. (2016). PFI/PF2/PPP forms. London, UK: HM Treasury.
Hodge, G. A. (2004). The risky business of public–private partnerships. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 63(4), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2004.00400.x
Hodge, G. A., & Greve, C. (2007). Public–private partnerships: an international performance review. Public Administration Review, 67(3), 545-558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00736.x
Holmes, J., Capper, G., & Hudson, G. (2006). Public private partnerships in the provision of health care premises in the UK. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7), 566-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.004
Jefferies, M. (2006). Critical success factors of public private sector partnerships: a case study of the Sydney SuperDome. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 13(5), 451-462. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980610690738
Kagioglou, M., Cooper, R., & Aouad, G. (2001). Performance management in construction: a conceptual framework. Construction Management and Economics, 19(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190010003425
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A. P. C., & Cheung, E. (2011). Understanding the risks in China’s PPP projects: ranking of their probability and consequence. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 18(5), 481-496. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981111165176
Kumaraswamy, M. M., Ling, F. Y. Y., Anvuur, A. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2007). Targeting relationally integrated teams for sustainable PPPS. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(6), 581-596. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980710829030
Leiringer, R., & Schweber, L. (2010). Managing multiple markets: big firms and PFI. Building Research & Information, 38(2), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210903027147
Liu, J., Love, P. E. D., Davis, P. R., Smith, J., & Regan, M. (2015a). Conceptual framework for the performance measurement of public-private partnerships. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000210
Liu, J., Love, P. E. D., Smith, J., Matthews, J., & Sing, C. P. (2016). Praxis of performance measurement in public-private partnerships: moving beyond the iron triangle. Journal of Management in Engineering, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000433
Liu, J., Love, P. E. D., Smith, J., Regan, M., & Palaneeswaran, E. (2015b). Review of performance measurement: implications for public-private partnerships. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 5(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-12-2013-0070
Liyanage, C., & Villalba-Romero, F. (2015). Measuring success of PPP transport projects: a cross-case analysis of toll roads. Transport Reviews, 35(2), 140-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.994583
MOF. (2014). Circular on the issuance of public-private partnership mode operation guide (trial).
Neely, A. (1999). The performance measurement revolution: why now and what next? International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 19(2), 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579910247437
Neely, A., Adams, C., & Crowe, P. (2001). The performance prism in practice. Measuring Business Excellence, 5(2), 6-13(18). https://doi.org/10.1108/13683040110385142
Neely, A., Adams, C., & Kennerley, M. (2002). The performance prism: the scorecard for measuring and managing business success. Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A. P. C., Javed, A. A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Critical success criteria for public-private partnership projects: international experts’ opinion. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 21(1), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2016.1246388
People’s Daily Online. (2000). Chengdu is in urgent need of water. Retrieved from http://www.people.com.cn/GB/channel4/27/20000724/156479.html
Pollock, A. M., Price, D., & Player, S. (2007). An examination of the UK treasury’s evidence base for cost and time over-run data in UK value-for-money policy and appraisal. Public Money & Management, 27(2), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2007.00568.x
PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2010). Public_private_partnerships: The US perspective. Las Vegas, NV: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
Raisbeck, P., Duffield, C., & Xu, M. (2010). Comparative performance of PPPs and traditional procurement in Australia. Construction Management and Economics, 28(4), 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190903582731
Rajan, T. A., Gopinath, G., & Behera, M. (2014). PPPs and project overruns: evidence from road projects in India. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(5). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000797
Robinson, H. S., & Scott, J. (2009). Service delivery and performance monitoring in PFI/PPP projects. Construction Management and Economics, 27(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802614163
Roca Consulting. (2017). Overview of PPP projects and analysis of PPP index in Sichuan Province. Chengdu, Roca Consulting.
Şentürk, H. A., Yazici, G., & Kaplanoğlu, S. B. (2004). Case study: Izmit domestic and industrial water supply build-operate- transfer project. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 130(3), 449-454. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:3(449)
Shen, L.-Y., Platten, A., & Deng, X. (2006). Role of public private partnerships to manage risks in public sector projects in Hong Kong. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7), 587-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.006
Sobhiyah, M. H., Bemanian, M. R., & Kashtiban, Y. K. (2009). Increasing VFM in PPP power station projects – case study: Rudeshur gas turbine power station. International Journal of Project Management, 27(5), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.07.002
Talbot, C. (2010). Theories of performance: organizational and service improvement in the public domain (1rst ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tiong, R. L. K. (1990). Comparative study of BOT projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 6(1), 107-122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)9742-597X(1990)6:1(107)
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting aqualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
Victoria State Government. (2017). Partnerships Victoria-Excellence in public private partnerships. Retrieved from http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/Infrastructure-Delivery/Public-private-partnerships/Partnerships-Victoria-Excellence-in-public-private-partnerships
Wang, S. Q., & Tiong, L. K. (2000). Case study of government initiatives for PRC’s BOT power plant project. International Journal of Project Management, 18(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00072-6
Wang, S. Q., Tiong, R. L. K., Ting, S. K., Chew, D., & Ashley, D. (1998). Evaluation and competitive tendering of BOT power plant project in China. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 124(4), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1998)124:4(333)
Ward, S., Curtis, B., & Chapman, C. (1991). Objectives and performance in construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 9(4), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446199100000027
World Bank. (2014). Public-private partnerships reference guide v2.0. Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/09/08/000442464_20140908133431/Rendered/PDF/903840PPP0Refe0Box385311B000PUBLIC0.pdf
Wu, J., Liu, J., Jin, X., & Sing, M. C. P. (2016). Government accountability within infrastructure public–private partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1471-1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.08.003
Xu, Y., Yeung, J. F. Y., Chan, A. P. C., Chan, D. W. M., Wang, S. Q., & Ke, Y. (2010). Developing a risk assessment model for PPP projects in China – a fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach. Automation in Construction, 19(7), 929-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.06.006
Yang, H., Yeung, J. F. Y., Chan, A. P. C., Chiang, Y. H., & Chan, D. W. M. (2010). A critical review of performance measurement in construction. Journal of Facilities Management, 8(4), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/14725961011078981
Yuan, J., Yajun Zeng, A., Skibniewski, M. J., & Qiming, L. I. (2009). Selection of performance objectives and key performance indicators in public-private partnership projects to achieve value for money. Construction Management and Economics, 27(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190902748705
Zhang, S., Chan, A. P. C., Feng, Y., Duan, H., & Ke, Y. (2016). Critical review on PPP research – a search from the Chinese and International Journals. International Journal of Project Management, 34(4), 597-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.02.008
Zhang, S., Gao, Y., Feng, Z., & Sun, W. (2015). PPP application in infrastructure development in China: institutional analysis and implications. International Journal of Project Management, 33(3), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.06.006
ADB. (2008). Public–private partnerships handbook. Philippines: ADB.
Ansar, A., Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A., & Lunn, D. (2016). Does infrastructure investment lead to economic growth or economic fragility? Evidence from China. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(3), 360-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grw022
Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 17(6), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6
Bao, F., Chan, A. P. C., Chen, C., & Darko, A. (2018). Review of public-private partnership literature from a project life cycle perspective. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000424
Bassioni, H. A., Price, A. D. F., & Hassan, T. M. (2004). Performance measurement in construction. Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(2), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2004)20:2(42)
Bititci, U. S., Carrie, A. S., & McDevitt, L. (1997). Integrated performance measurement systems: a development guide. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(5), 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579710167230
Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. (2017). Circular on further regulating the behavior of local government borrowing for financing. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-05/03/content_5190675.htm
Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, A. P. L. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(2), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770410532624
Chan, A. P. C., Darko, A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Strategies for promoting green building technologies adoption in the construction industry – an international study. Sustainability, 9(6), 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060969
Chen, C. (2009). Can the pilot BOT Project provide a template for future projects? A case study of the Chengdu No. 6 Water Plant B Project. International Journal of Project Management, 27(6), 573-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.10.006
Chen, C., & Doloi, H. (2008). BOT application in China: driving and impeding factors. International Journal of Project Management, 26(4), 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.07.002
Cheng, Z., Ke, Y., Lin, J., Yang, Z., & Cai, J. (2016). Spatio-temporal dynamics of public private partnership projects in China. International Journal of Project Management, 34(7), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.006
Cheung, E., & Chan, A. P. (2009). Is BOT the best financing model to procure infrastructure projects? A case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 27(3), 290-302. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635780910951984
Chou, J.-S., & Lin, C. (2012). Predicting disputes in public-private partnership projects: classification and ensemble models. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 27(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000197
Chou, J. S., Hsu, S. C., Lin, C. W., & Chang, Y. C. (2016). Classifying influential for project information to discover rule sets for project disputes and possible resolutions. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1706-1716.
Cruz, C. O., Marques, R. C., & Pereira, I. (2015). Alternative contractual arrangements for urban light rail systems: lessons from two case studies. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000942
Dayue Consulting. (2014). The world bank PPP unit visit Dayue. Retrieved from http://www.dayue.com/templates/T_Second/index.aspx?contentid=2302&nodeid=50&page=ContentPage
EIB. (2012). The guide to guidance: how to prepare, procure and deliver PPP projects. Retrieved from http://www.eib. org/attachments/epec/epec_the_guide_to_guidance_en.pdf?f =search&media=search
El-Gohary, N. M., Osman, H., & El-Diraby, T. E. (2006). Stakeholder management for public private partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7), 595-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.009
Gerring, J. (2007). Is there a (viable) crucial-case method? Comparative Political Studies, 40(3), 231-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006290784
Hall, D., Lobina, E., & Terhorst, P. (2013). Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: water in France and energy in Germany. International Review of Applied Economics, 27(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2012.754844
Ham, H. V., & Koppenjan, J. (2001). Building public-private partnerships: assessing and managing risks in port development. Public Management Review, 3(4), 593-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616670110070622
Han, Y. (2006). Research on the BOT financing mode of Chengdu No. 6 water plant B project. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
Henjewele, C., Sun, M., & Fewings, P. (2014). Comparative performance of healthcare and transport PFI projects: empirical study on the influence of key factors. International Journal of Project Management, 32(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.01.008
HM Treasury. (2004). Regularity, propriety and value for money. London, UK: HM Treasury.
HM Treasury. (2008). Infrastructure procurement: delivering longterm value. UK Government.
HM Treasury. (2013a). Making savings in operational PFI contracts. London, UK: HM Treasury.
HM Treasury. (2013b). PFI/PPP finance guidance. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pfippp-finance-guidance
HM Treasury. (2016). PFI/PF2/PPP forms. London, UK: HM Treasury.
Hodge, G. A. (2004). The risky business of public–private partnerships. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 63(4), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2004.00400.x
Hodge, G. A., & Greve, C. (2007). Public–private partnerships: an international performance review. Public Administration Review, 67(3), 545-558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00736.x
Holmes, J., Capper, G., & Hudson, G. (2006). Public private partnerships in the provision of health care premises in the UK. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7), 566-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.004
Jefferies, M. (2006). Critical success factors of public private sector partnerships: a case study of the Sydney SuperDome. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 13(5), 451-462. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980610690738
Kagioglou, M., Cooper, R., & Aouad, G. (2001). Performance management in construction: a conceptual framework. Construction Management and Economics, 19(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190010003425
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A. P. C., & Cheung, E. (2011). Understanding the risks in China’s PPP projects: ranking of their probability and consequence. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 18(5), 481-496. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981111165176
Kumaraswamy, M. M., Ling, F. Y. Y., Anvuur, A. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2007). Targeting relationally integrated teams for sustainable PPPS. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(6), 581-596. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980710829030
Leiringer, R., & Schweber, L. (2010). Managing multiple markets: big firms and PFI. Building Research & Information, 38(2), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210903027147
Liu, J., Love, P. E. D., Davis, P. R., Smith, J., & Regan, M. (2015a). Conceptual framework for the performance measurement of public-private partnerships. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000210
Liu, J., Love, P. E. D., Smith, J., Matthews, J., & Sing, C. P. (2016). Praxis of performance measurement in public-private partnerships: moving beyond the iron triangle. Journal of Management in Engineering, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000433
Liu, J., Love, P. E. D., Smith, J., Regan, M., & Palaneeswaran, E. (2015b). Review of performance measurement: implications for public-private partnerships. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 5(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-12-2013-0070
Liyanage, C., & Villalba-Romero, F. (2015). Measuring success of PPP transport projects: a cross-case analysis of toll roads. Transport Reviews, 35(2), 140-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2014.994583
MOF. (2014). Circular on the issuance of public-private partnership mode operation guide (trial).
Neely, A. (1999). The performance measurement revolution: why now and what next? International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 19(2), 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579910247437
Neely, A., Adams, C., & Crowe, P. (2001). The performance prism in practice. Measuring Business Excellence, 5(2), 6-13(18). https://doi.org/10.1108/13683040110385142
Neely, A., Adams, C., & Kennerley, M. (2002). The performance prism: the scorecard for measuring and managing business success. Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A. P. C., Javed, A. A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Critical success criteria for public-private partnership projects: international experts’ opinion. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 21(1), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2016.1246388
People’s Daily Online. (2000). Chengdu is in urgent need of water. Retrieved from http://www.people.com.cn/GB/channel4/27/20000724/156479.html
Pollock, A. M., Price, D., & Player, S. (2007). An examination of the UK treasury’s evidence base for cost and time over-run data in UK value-for-money policy and appraisal. Public Money & Management, 27(2), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2007.00568.x
PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2010). Public_private_partnerships: The US perspective. Las Vegas, NV: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
Raisbeck, P., Duffield, C., & Xu, M. (2010). Comparative performance of PPPs and traditional procurement in Australia. Construction Management and Economics, 28(4), 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190903582731
Rajan, T. A., Gopinath, G., & Behera, M. (2014). PPPs and project overruns: evidence from road projects in India. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(5). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000797
Robinson, H. S., & Scott, J. (2009). Service delivery and performance monitoring in PFI/PPP projects. Construction Management and Economics, 27(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802614163
Roca Consulting. (2017). Overview of PPP projects and analysis of PPP index in Sichuan Province. Chengdu, Roca Consulting.
Şentürk, H. A., Yazici, G., & Kaplanoğlu, S. B. (2004). Case study: Izmit domestic and industrial water supply build-operate- transfer project. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 130(3), 449-454. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:3(449)
Shen, L.-Y., Platten, A., & Deng, X. (2006). Role of public private partnerships to manage risks in public sector projects in Hong Kong. International Journal of Project Management, 24(7), 587-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.07.006
Sobhiyah, M. H., Bemanian, M. R., & Kashtiban, Y. K. (2009). Increasing VFM in PPP power station projects – case study: Rudeshur gas turbine power station. International Journal of Project Management, 27(5), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.07.002
Talbot, C. (2010). Theories of performance: organizational and service improvement in the public domain (1rst ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tiong, R. L. K. (1990). Comparative study of BOT projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 6(1), 107-122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)9742-597X(1990)6:1(107)
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: implications for conducting aqualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
Victoria State Government. (2017). Partnerships Victoria-Excellence in public private partnerships. Retrieved from http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/Infrastructure-Delivery/Public-private-partnerships/Partnerships-Victoria-Excellence-in-public-private-partnerships
Wang, S. Q., & Tiong, L. K. (2000). Case study of government initiatives for PRC’s BOT power plant project. International Journal of Project Management, 18(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00072-6
Wang, S. Q., Tiong, R. L. K., Ting, S. K., Chew, D., & Ashley, D. (1998). Evaluation and competitive tendering of BOT power plant project in China. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 124(4), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1998)124:4(333)
Ward, S., Curtis, B., & Chapman, C. (1991). Objectives and performance in construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 9(4), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446199100000027
World Bank. (2014). Public-private partnerships reference guide v2.0. Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/09/08/000442464_20140908133431/Rendered/PDF/903840PPP0Refe0Box385311B000PUBLIC0.pdf
Wu, J., Liu, J., Jin, X., & Sing, M. C. P. (2016). Government accountability within infrastructure public–private partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1471-1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.08.003
Xu, Y., Yeung, J. F. Y., Chan, A. P. C., Chan, D. W. M., Wang, S. Q., & Ke, Y. (2010). Developing a risk assessment model for PPP projects in China – a fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach. Automation in Construction, 19(7), 929-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.06.006
Yang, H., Yeung, J. F. Y., Chan, A. P. C., Chiang, Y. H., & Chan, D. W. M. (2010). A critical review of performance measurement in construction. Journal of Facilities Management, 8(4), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/14725961011078981
Yuan, J., Yajun Zeng, A., Skibniewski, M. J., & Qiming, L. I. (2009). Selection of performance objectives and key performance indicators in public-private partnership projects to achieve value for money. Construction Management and Economics, 27(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190902748705
Zhang, S., Chan, A. P. C., Feng, Y., Duan, H., & Ke, Y. (2016). Critical review on PPP research – a search from the Chinese and International Journals. International Journal of Project Management, 34(4), 597-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.02.008
Zhang, S., Gao, Y., Feng, Z., & Sun, W. (2015). PPP application in infrastructure development in China: institutional analysis and implications. International Journal of Project Management, 33(3), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.06.006