Enhancing real estate mass appraisal in Type II metropolitan cities: A GIS-MGWR approach

    Yu Zhao Info
    Jixiang Zhang Info
    Xuejia Shen Info
    Miao Yu Info
    Wenbo Zheng Info
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2025.24225

Abstract

At present, China’s real estate appraisal sector confronts a number of challenges, including low appraisal efficiency, significant human influence, lack of objectivity, and absence of unified standards. Particularly, conducting a scientific, precise, and efficient mass appraisal of existing housing is vital for fostering the industry‘s healthy development. This study adopts Zhangjiakou City in Hebei Province as a case study, integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and utilizing the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), Semi-parametric Geographically Weighted Regression (SGWR), and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) models to assess the prices of existing housing. The research delves into the specific challenges in mass appraisal of real estate within Type II metropolitan cities. The study reveals spatial heterogeneity in the prices of existing housing in Zhangjiakou City and shows that the MGWR model excels in mass appraisal of housing prices in Type II metropolitan cities. This research offers strategic guidance for real estate market investment and transactions in Zhangjiakou City and provides valuable references for other Type II metropolitan cities in real estate appraisal practices, market analysis, and policy formulation.

Keywords:

housing price, mass appraisal, real estate, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR), spatial autocorrelation, Type II metropolitan cities

How to Cite

Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Shen, X., Yu, M., & Zheng, W. (2025). Enhancing real estate mass appraisal in Type II metropolitan cities: A GIS-MGWR approach. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 29(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2025.24225

Share

Published in Issue
August 6, 2025
Abstract Views
32

References

Aladwan, Z., & Ahamad, M. S. S. (2019). Hedonic pricing model for real property valuation via GIS: A review. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, 29(3), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0022

An, B. W., Xu, P. Y., Li, C. Y., Zhang, L. Y., & Guo, Q. P. (2024). Assessing green production efficiency and spatial characteristics of China’s real estate industry based on the undesirable super-SBM model. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 16367. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67506-8

Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x

Bera, M. M., Mondal, B., Dolui, G., & Chakraborti, S. (2018). Estimation of spatial association between housing price and local environmental amenities in Kolkata, India using hedonic local regression. Papers in Applied Geography, 4(3), 274–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/23754931.2018.1446354

Cardone, B., Di Martino, F., & Senatore, S. (2024). Real estate price estimation through a fuzzy partition-driven genetic algorithm. Information Sciences, 667, Article 120442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2024.120442

Dell’Anna, F., Bravi, M., & Bottero, M. (2022). Urban green infrastructures: How much did they affect property prices in Singapore? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 68, Article 127475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127475

Franco, S. F., & Macdonald, J. L. (2018). The effects of cultural heritage on residential property values: Evidence from Lisbon, Portugal. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 70, 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.02.001

Geniaux, G., Ay, J. S., & Napoléone, C. (2011). A spatial hedonic approach on land use change anticipations. Journal of Regional Science, 51(5), 967–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2011.00721.x

Helbich, M., Brunauer, W., Vaz, E., & Nijkamp, P. (2014). Spatial heterogeneity in hedonic house price models: The case of Austria. Urban Studies, 51(2), 390–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013492234

Hermans, L. D., Bidanset, P. E., Davis, P. T., & McCord, M. J. (2022). Using property-level ratio studies for the incorporation of validation models in single-family residential real estate assessment. Journal of Property Tax Assessment & Administration, 19(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.63642/1357-1419.1245

Hermans, L. D., McCord, M. J., Davis, P. T., & Bidanset, P. E. (2023). An exploratory approach to composite modelling for real estate assessment and accuracy. Journal of Property Tax Assessment & Administration, 20(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.63642/1357-1419.1256

Hwang, M., & Quigley, J. M. (2006). Economic fundamentals in local housing markets: Evidence from US metropolitan regions. Journal of Regional Science, 46(3), 425–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2006.00480.x

Jia, J., Zhang, X., Huang, C., & Luan, H. (2022). Multiscale analysis of human social sensing of urban appearance and its effects on house price appreciation in Wuhan, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 81, Article 103844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103844

Jiao, L., & Liu, Y. (2012). Analyzing the spatial autocorrelation of regional urban datum land price. Geo-spatial Information Science, 15(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2012.714103

Kurkcuoglu, M. A. S. (2023). Analysis of the energy justice in natural gas distribution with Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR). Energy Reports, 9, 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.188

Le Boennec, R., Bulteau, J., & Feuillet, T. (2022). The role of commuter rail accessibility in the formation of residential land values: Exploring spatial heterogeneity in peri-urban and remote areas. The Annals of Regional Science, 69(1), 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-022-01113-1

Liu, N., & Strobl, J. (2023). Impact of neighborhood features on housing resale prices in Zhuhai (China) based on an (M) GWR model. Big Earth Data, 7(1), 146–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2022.2031543

Luo, X., Yang, J., Sun, W., & He, B. (2021). Suitability of human settlements in mountainous areas from the perspective of ventilation: A case study of the main urban area of Chongqing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 310, Article 127467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127467

McCord, M., Lo, D., Davis, P., McCord, J., Hermans, L., & Bidanset, P. (2022). Applying the geostatistical eigenvector spatial filter approach into regularized regression for improving prediction accuracy for mass appraisal. Applied Sciences, 12(20), Article 10660. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010660

Qiu, W., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Li, W., Li, X., Xu, X., & Huang, X. (2022). Subjective or objective measures of street environment, which are more effective in explaining housing prices? Landscape and Urban Planning, 221, Article 104358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104358

Sisman, S., Akar, A. U., & Yalpir, S. (2023). The novelty hybrid model development proposal for mass appraisal of real estates in sustainable land management. Survey Review, 55(388), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2021.1996797

Wen, H., Jin, Y., & Zhang, L. (2017). Spatial heterogeneity in implicit housing prices: Evidence from Hangzhou, China. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 21(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715X.2016.1247021

Wu, C., Du, Y., Li, S., Liu, P., & Ye, X. (2022). Does visual contact with green space impact housing prices? An integrated approach of machine learning and hedonic modeling based on the perception of green space. Land Use Policy, 115, Article 106048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106048

Yang, S., Hu, S., Wang, S., & Zou, L. (2020). Effects of rapid urban land expansion on the spatial direction of residential land prices: Evidence from Wuhan, China. Habitat International, 101, Article 102186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102186

Yu, L., Wang, Y., & Li, M. (2024). The emergence of counter-urbanisation in China: Can it be a pathway for rural revitalisation? Habitat International, 144, Article 102998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102998

Zhang, Z., Li, J., Fung, T., Yu, H., Mei, C., Leung, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Multiscale geographically and temporally weighted regression with a unilateral temporal weighting scheme and its application in the analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of house prices in Beijing. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 35(11), 2262–2286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2021.1912348

Zhao, Y., Shen, X., Ma, J., & Yu, M. (2023). Path selection of spatial econometric model for mass appraisal of real estate: Evidence from Yinchuan, China. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 27(5), 304–316. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.20376

View article in other formats

CrossMark check

CrossMark logo

Published

2025-08-06

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Shen, X., Yu, M., & Zheng, W. (2025). Enhancing real estate mass appraisal in Type II metropolitan cities: A GIS-MGWR approach. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 29(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2025.24225

Share