Geodesy and Cartography
type: channel
description: Geodesy and Cartography publishes original research in the fields of geodesy, cartography, remote sensing, geoinformation systems, geoscience, land management and environmental sciences. More information ...
publisher: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
language: en
publication name: Geodesy and Cartography
issn: 2029-6991
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms that this article contains no violation of any existing copyright or other third party right or any material of a libelous, confidential, or otherwise unlawful nature, and that I will indemnify and keep indemnified the Editor and THE PUBLISHER against all claims and expenses (including legal costs and expenses) arising from any breach of this warranty and the other warranties on my behalf in this agreement; that I have obtained permission for and acknowledged the source of any illustrations, diagrams or other material included in the article of which I am not the copyright owner. on behalf of any co-authors, I agree to this work being published in Geodesy and Cartography as Open Access, and licenced under a Creative Commons Licence, 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This licence allows for the fullest distribution and re-use of the work for the benefit of scholarly information. For authors that are not copyright owners in the work (for example government employees), please contact VILNIUS TECH to make alternative agreements.
items: Evaluation of Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat OLI data for land use and land cover classification across diverse geospatial regions using supervised machine learning classifiers
items: Application of terrestrial laser scanning for the geometric characterization of discontinuities in limestone quarry faces
items: Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and DEMNAS in landslide mapping in the Lembang Fault area, Indonesia
items: Prediction of terrestrial water storage changes by using GRACE data over Nile river basin
items: Evaluation of forest degradation in Ago Owu Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria: remote sensing and GIS approach
items: Estimating Euler pole parameters for Sundaland block in IGB14 using robust filtration approach
items: Geographical centers of administrative-territorial entities of the Rivne region of Ukraine: essence, significance and peculiarities of definition
items: A hybrid DWTNN–MARS framework for monthly lake water level forecasting in the lake Volta basin under data-scarce conditions
items: Monitoring of landslide-prone areas using radar data: a case study of the Right Loess Plateau of the Dnipro River (Ukraine)
items: WebGIS and land planning data management: a study of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering’s Campus 2
items: Integration of aerial photo and LiDAR data for determining the position and height of oil palm trees using object-based analysis and canopy height model algorithm
items: Modelling the local geoid of East Kalimantan from combination of airborne and terrestrial gravity data using the KTH method
items: Development of a visual tool for natural disaster risk assessment for the communities of the Republic of Georgia
items: Comparison of different Mercator projection systems for the topographical survey of the Buchanan-Tokadeh (Yekepa) railway, Liberia, Africa
items: Developing standards for surveying, measuring, and mapping underground objects using the GPR method for Vietnam
items: Geoinformation wildfire mapping of Ukraine: analyzing FIRMS data for effective fire management
items: A comparison of transformation models between geodetic reference frames: case study in Illizi region (Algeria)
items: Accuracy of the corner coordinates of a building surveyed with nine points in RTK GNSS method
items: Using RS and AI GIS in land management and urban planning in Mosul, Iraq for sustainable development
items: Addendum: “PHASE: a Matlab-based software for the DInSAR PS processing”
items: Predicting land use/land cover changes using CA-ANN model in the Gia Lam District, Hanoi City
items: Geodetic monitoring of landslide processes in coastal territories
items: Determination of location of historical and cultural heritage objects using photogrammetric and geophysical methods
items: Investigation of the Africa splitting into two as new ocean forms
items: Harmonization of marine gravity data in Eastern Baltic
items: Drought safety levels assessment in Uzbekistan part of the Khorezm oasis by geospatial methods
items: Estimation of land surface temperature based on GIS and remote sensing data in Dahuk city
items: Structuring and validation of photogrammetric territorial data
items: Conceptual modeling of the structure of a geoinformation system for formation of land plots in state and municipal ownership of settlements
items: Accuracy assessment of a three-dimensional model obtained using the LiDAR sensor of the iPhone 13 Pro Max

Evaluation of Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat OLI data for land use and land cover classification across diverse geospatial regions using supervised machine learning classifiers
type: item
description: Employing advanced remote sensing techniques, this paper undertakes a rigorous technical investigation into the comparative performance of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 9 datasets. Leveraging the analytical power of four sophisticated machine learning algorithms – CART, Random Forest, Gradient Tree Boosting, and Support Vector Machine. The study scrutinizes land cover classification across diverse study areas in Lucknow and Dehradun. Evaluating Sentinel-2’s multispectral sensor capabilities, particularly in the red-edge and near-infrared bands, the research dissects its prowess in vegetation-rich environments, exploiting the “red-edge effect” for precise vegetation assessment. Conversely, Landsat data, including Landsat 8 and Landsat 9, is assessed for its adaptability in areas characterized by diverse land cover types, including urban landscapes. Delving into algorithmic performance metrics, Random Forest and sentinel-2 emerge as the preferred choice for most vegetated area like Dehradun about 90% accuracy across varied scenarios, Gradient Tree Boosting and Landsat data emerges as the preferred choice for most urbanized (populated) areas like Lucknow about 92% accuracy across varied scenarios. This paper contributes novel insights into the comparative utility of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 9 datasets, bolstered by advanced machine learning methodologies, for refined land cover mapping and monitoring applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Random Forest
  topic: keywords
subject: land cover classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Sentinel
  topic: keywords
subject: Landsat
  topic: keywords
subject: accuracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Anubhava Srivastava
creator: Raziqa Masood
creator: Konika Abid
creator: Shikha Chadha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 99
ending page: 108
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22919

Application of terrestrial laser scanning for the geometric characterization of discontinuities in limestone quarry faces
type: item
description: This work investigates the effect of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) configuration on measuring the geometric properties that characterize discontinuities in limestone quarry faces. While the application of laser scanning technologies to acquire the 3D geometry of quarries is well established, the extent of differences in acquired parameter values that depend on the equipment’s parametrization is usually overlooked. We provide a discussion of the quantitative evaluation of discontinuity parameters (dip direction, dip angle, aperture, spacing, persistence, roughness, and deepness) based on the configuration of the TLS device (resolution, accuracy, and quality) and its application on a limestone quarry case study. Data from the case study show that not all discontinuity parameters need the same point cloud density. Spacing and dip/dip direction are highly consistent across the different point clouds, while aperture and persistence show greater sensitivity to resolution and scan position.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: terrestrial laser scanning
  topic: keywords
subject: LiDAR
  topic: keywords
subject: discontinuities
  topic: keywords
subject: geometric characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: limestone quarry
  topic: keywords
subject: point cloud
  topic: keywords
creator: Maciej Cerekwicki
creator: Magdalena Cerekwicka
creator: Rita Machete
creator: Ana Paula Falcão
creator: Alexandre B. Gonçalves
creator: Paweł Sikora
creator: Matilde Costa e Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: 90
ending page: 98
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22897

Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and DEMNAS in landslide mapping in the Lembang Fault area, Indonesia
type: item
description: The Lembang Fault area has a high potential for landslides due to its location in an active structural zone that shifts annually. The fault movement causes ground displacement, making it important to study landslide potential. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology can produce Digital Terrain Model (DTM) products with a spatial resolution of 6 cm. This study aims to compare DTM and DEMNAS products in landslide mapping within the Lembang Fault area, West Java Province, Indonesia. The method employed in this research is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with variables including slope, aspect, curvature, lineament density, drainage density, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), rainfall, and lithology. The analysis results show that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the DTM product is 0.902, indicating that the UAV data acquisition provides better accuracy in landslide mapping compared to the DEMNAS product with an RMSE of 1.592. Although the landslide maps produced from DTM and DEMNAS share similar patterns, the area classifications differ due to their varying spatial resolutions. Both products are equally effective in mapping landslides in the Lembang Fault area, as they both exhibit good RMSE values in the analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
  topic: keywords
subject: DEMNAS
  topic: keywords
subject: landslide
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
  topic: keywords
creator: Nanin Trianawati Sugito
creator: Haikal Muhammad Ihsan
creator: Shafira Himayah
creator: Asri Ria Affriani
creator: Anisa Nabila Rizki Ramadhani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-29
publication date: 2026-05-29
starting page: 55
ending page: 65
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22770

Prediction of terrestrial water storage changes by using GRACE data over Nile river basin
type: item
description: This research involved training two deep learning prediction models: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Dipper Throated Optimizations Fitness Grey Wolf-LSTM (DTOFGW-LSTM), utilizing data obtained from remote sensing to reconstruct and predict the Terrestrial Water Storage Changes (TWSC) over Nile River Basin (NRB). We evaluated factors including Terrestrial Water Storage Changes (TWSC) and Groundwater Storage Changes (GWSC), identified through the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-Follow-On (GRACE-FO), alongside precipitation data collected by the Global Precipitation Climate Change Program (GPCP) to analyze the patterns of change within the research area. We utilized the LSTM and DTOFGW-LSTM algorithms to rebuild the TWSC and GWSC from 2018 to 2024. We utilized the precise model to forecast the GRACE gap from 2017 to 2018 and the TWSC from 2024 to 2030. The findings demonstrated the superiority of the suggested model (DTOFGW-LSTM) with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.51, a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.99, and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.21.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GRACE
  topic: keywords
subject: GRACE-FO
  topic: keywords
subject: DTOFGW-LSTM
  topic: keywords
subject: LSTM
  topic: keywords
subject: TWSC
  topic: keywords
subject: GWSC
  topic: keywords
creator: Basma Fawzi
creator: Mahmoud Salah
creator: Mahmoud El-Mewafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22447

Evaluation of forest degradation in Ago Owu Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria: remote sensing and GIS approach
type: item
description: Deforestation and forest degradation threaten biodiversity, climate regulation, and local livelihoods, particularly in tropical regions like Nigeria. This study evaluates the extent of deforestation and forest degradation in the Ago Owu Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria, over 40 years (1984–2024) using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. This study aims to evaluate the trends of deforestation in Ago Owu Forest Reserve to mitigate the adverse effects of deforestation, to analyze Landsat satellite imagery from the years 1984, 2004, and 2024, using Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results reveal a dramatic decline in forest cover, from 81.92% in 1984 to 11.26% in 2024. Simultaneously, built-up areas expanded from a negligible 0.056% in 1984 to 37.18% in 2024, highlighting significant human encroachment and urbanization into the forest reserve. The NDVI analysis reveals the degeneration of the forest NDVI from 0.7 to 0.2, indicating a reduction in forest density due to deforestation, urbanization, and logging activities. The findings provide critical insights into the need for effective and efficient deforestation policies to balance ecological preservation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: deforestation
  topic: keywords
subject: forest degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: NDVI
  topic: keywords
subject: LULC
  topic: keywords
subject: vegetation
  topic: keywords
subject: urbanization
  topic: keywords
creator: Paul T. Elufisan
creator: Kolawole S. Ilesanmi
creator: Peter T. Adetoro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: 74
ending page: 82
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22764

Estimating Euler pole parameters for Sundaland block in IGB14 using robust filtration approach
type: item
description: Enhancing the accuracy of the Euler pole parameters for the Sundaland block is essential, given the revised reference frame. The selection of GNSS stations should be obtained before the major event of the 2004 Mw9.2 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Initially, 34 GNSS stations in Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, and Philippines (1999–2004) were adopted under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014), specifically IGB14. This study employed precise point positioning (PPP) to obtain accurate coordinates via scientific GipsyX version 1.7. The coordinate time series derived from the X-file mapping approach was utilised to estimate a linear trend motion. The stations’ velocities were derived using a 3-dimensional (3D) linear regression approach. To achieve an optimal Euler pole parameter, the outlier filtration processes were employed using statistical tests, limit-based test, and combined statistical and limit-based tests. The combined Baarda and limit-based method was clarified as the robust filtration approach to derive the optimal Euler pole parameters for the Sundaland block at the latitude of 66.77° and longitude of –100.34°, with a rotation rate of 0.302±0.007°/Myr. A further study with densified data covering the maximum Sundaland region is expected to derive the Euler pole parameters more accurately.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Euler pole
  topic: keywords
subject: Sundaland
  topic: keywords
subject: GNSS
  topic: keywords
subject: velocities
  topic: keywords
subject: time series
  topic: keywords
subject: robust filtration
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Zikri Abd Aziz
creator: Mohamad Asrul Mustafar
creator: Mohd Azwan Abbas
creator: Saiful Aman Sulaiman
creator: Muhammad Husaini Ya’cob
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 21
ending page: 32
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22224

Geographical centers of administrative-territorial entities of the Rivne region of Ukraine: essence, significance and peculiarities of definition
type: item
description: The geographical centers of territories belong to the category of important geographical constants and are traditionally perceived as single and unambiguous points. The purpose of this work is to determine the coordinates of the geographical centers of the new administrative-territorial entities of the Rivne region of Ukraine in order to establish special information and memorial signs that will have cognitive, unifying, educational, tourist and local history significance. Methodology – geographical centers were determined in the Pulkovo-1942 and WGS-84 coordinate systems based on the results of vectorisation of the boundaries of territories at a scale of 1:10,000 as centers of gravity of the respective figures (Digitals and AutoCad software products were used). As a result of the work performed, it was found that this methodology allows obtaining a sufficiently high accuracy of the results (7.1 m), in contrast to the use of publicly available and convenient resources (OpenStreetMap, QGIS). The novelty of the study is that the geographical centers of the amalgamated territorial communities and administrative districts of Rivne region are identified for the first time and the proposed approach can be implemented for similar studies of other territories with a possible prospect of a new type of tourism – geocentric.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: geographical centers
  topic: keywords
subject: coordinates
  topic: keywords
subject: Pulkovo-1942
  topic: keywords
subject: WGS-84
  topic: keywords
subject: territory
  topic: keywords
subject: Rivne region
  topic: keywords
creator: Serhii Ostapchuk
creator: Roman Nimkovych
creator: Andrii Prokopchuk
creator: Oksana Ostapchuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: 66
ending page: 73
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22210

A hybrid DWTNN–MARS framework for monthly lake water level forecasting in the lake Volta basin under data-scarce conditions
type: item
description: Accurate forecasting of Lake Water Level (LWL) fluctuations is essential for sustainable reservoir management, particularly in data-scarce tropical environments. This study develops and evaluates a hybrid Discrete Wavelet Transform Neural Network–Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (DWTNN–MARS) framework for monthly LWL prediction in the Lake Volta Basin, Ghana, using 28 years (1992–2020) of satellite altimetry data. The proposed approach integrates multi-resolution wavelet decomposition, nonlinear neural network pre-processing, and adaptive spline regression with generalized cross-validation-based pruning to effectively capture complex, non-stationary hydrological dynamics while controlling model complexity. A time-series-based validation strategy was adopted to prevent data leakage and ensure realistic predictive assessment. Model performance was evaluated using Prediction Correction Index (PCI), Arithmetic Mean Absolute Error (AMAE), Arithmetic Mean Square Error (AMSE), Arithmetic Mean Absolute Percentage Error (AMAPE), and Arithmetic Standard Deviation (ASD), and benchmarked against a DWTNN–ARIMA hybrid model. Results show that the DWTNN–MARS model achieved a PCI of 0.0215 m and ASD of 0.0003 m, indicating strong agreement between observed and predicted values, while the DWTNN–ARIMA model exhibited higher prediction bias (PCI = 0.2152 m) and greater residual dispersion (ASD = 0.0420 m). These findings demonstrate that the structured decomposition-regression architecture enhances predictive accuracy and improves the representation of seasonal variability and long-term storage dynamics. The study highlights the robustness and applicability of the proposed framework for large tropical reservoirs under limited hydro-meteorological data conditions and contributes to advancing data-driven hydrological forecasting methodologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hydrological forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: wavelet transform
  topic: keywords
subject: nonlinear modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: reservoir dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: signal decomposition
  topic: keywords
subject: model generalization
  topic: keywords
creator: Michael Stanley Peprah
creator: Edwin Kojo Larbi
creator: Prince Opoku Appau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: 83
ending page: 89
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22179

Monitoring of landslide-prone areas using radar data: a case study of the Right Loess Plateau of the Dnipro River (Ukraine)
type: item
description: The right bank of the Kaniv Reservoir, which belongs to the Right Loess Plateau of the Dnipro River in Ukraine, is highly susceptible to landslides due to the geological features combined with climate change and human activities. Most landslides related complex morphostructure with central, characteristic elements was formed: a loess plateau with unstable slopes; the right-bank valley of the Dnipro River with erosive and accumulative terraces; ridge-beam, erosion and sliding. Human activities, namely clay mining, construction, and the expansion of agricultural lands induce landslides by altering slope stability. The current research aimed to assess landslide hazards by applying the DInSAR methodology, including the influence of slope, lithology, precipitation, and temperature regime. Optical sensors have known limitations due to their inability to capture Earth’s surface. The alternatives are radar sensors capable of seeing through the clouds and working independently of daylight. Integrating DInSAR technique data with classical geomorphological research helped define the kinematics and evolution of the landslides and establish their triggering factors in the Right Loess Plateau of the Dnipro River. Using measures in a seasonal change of temperature fluctuation and precipitation quantity can detect the outcrop, not overgrown vegetation areas, illustrating that radar data can detect landslide-prone areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: landslide hazard
  topic: keywords
subject: DInSAR
  topic: keywords
subject: land vertical displacement
  topic: keywords
subject: remote sensing data
  topic: keywords
subject: geomorphological analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: slope stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Tetiana Orlenko
creator: Olga Sedlerova
creator: Olha Tomchenko
creator: Ludmila Lischenko
creator: Mykola Lubskyi
creator: Pavlo Zhyrnov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 11
ending page: 20
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22156

WebGIS and land planning data management: a study of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering’s Campus 2
type: item
description: The use of WebGIS in urban land planning and management has become a global trend. A Web-GIS system was developed specifically for planning management at HUCE’s Campus 2. While not yet fully complete, the findings indicate that this system has provided substantial support to stakeholders, including local authorities, planners, and the broader community. Through efficient data management and analysis, the WebGIS system has facilitated timely monitoring and adjustments during the construction process, while also enabling comprehensive modifications to land planning. Additionally, its field interaction function gathers valuable information for detecting damages requiring repair and maintenance, along with updates on the status of areas where land use rights have not yet been transferred. Despite certain limitations, such as challenges in integrating 3D model data and enhancing public consultation methods, the incorporation of these research findings offers significant potential to improve the effectiveness of urban land planning and management in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GIScience
  topic: keywords
subject: WebGIS (Geoweb)
  topic: keywords
subject: land planning
  topic: keywords
subject: geospatial data management
  topic: keywords
subject: geospatial analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: public participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ngoc Dung Luong
creator: Cong Hieu Duong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 216
ending page: 226
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21985

Integration of aerial photo and LiDAR data for determining the position and height of oil palm trees using object-based analysis and canopy height model algorithm
type: item
description: The monitoring of oil palm trees using various technologies, methods, and software is conducted to replace the traditional techniques that are less effective. In this study, an analysis was conducted on the automatic detection results of oil palm trees to determine the estimated height of the trees. The trees were automatically extracted and calculated using eCognition Developer and eCognition Oil Palm Application (OPA) with the Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) algorithm on three sample areas: homogeneous, semi- homogeneous, and heterogeneous. The performance test of the two software on the three samples showed that the detection accuracy reached more than 80%. The automatic detection results were used to calculate the tree height using the Canopy Height Model (CHM). The Root Mean Square error (RMSe) was calculated for all centroid samples to evaluate the accuracy of the tree position detection and as a basis for determin- ing the height. The RMSe position result of eCognition OPA was lower than that of eCognition Developer. The RMS values for the homogeneous; semi-homogeneous; and heterogeneous areas were 0.8149; 0.7772; and 0.02118 for eCognition OPA, respectively, which are lower than the values of 0.7718; 0.9044; and 1.0517 for eCognition Developer, this indicates better estimated tree height results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: palm oil
  topic: keywords
subject: aerial photo
  topic: keywords
subject: LiDAR
  topic: keywords
subject: tree count
  topic: keywords
subject: position
  topic: keywords
subject: tree height
  topic: keywords
creator: Lutfi’ah Noviani Rohmah
creator: Naufal Setiawan
creator: Mochamad Irwan Hariyono
creator: Agung Syetiawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 243
ending page: 254
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21974

Modelling the local geoid of East Kalimantan from combination of airborne and terrestrial gravity data using the KTH method
type: item
description: This research aims to determine the gravimetric geoid using the KTH method for East Kalimantan, where Indonesia’s new capital city is located. The geoid of East Kalimantan was calculated from a combination of airborne gravity data, terrestrial gravity data, DTU17 for the sea area, anomalies of EGM2008 degree 2190, SRTM15+, and GGM from EGM2008 degree 360. The geoid modelling is performed using LSMSSOFT software with a grid interval of 0.01˚. The evaluation of capsize variations includes 14 variations: 0.1˚, 0.2˚, 0.3˚, 0.4˚, 0.5˚, 0.6˚, 0.7˚, 0.8˚, 0.9˚, 1˚, 1.2˚, 1.3˚, 1.5˚, and 2˚. The KTH geoid was evaluated using 264 GNSS-Levelling data points. The best accuracy was obtained at a capsize of 0.6˚ with a standard deviation value of 0.0532 m. The accuracy of the geoid model after shifting to the tidal benchmark (BM) is 0.0526 m. A comparison with the recent national geoid model of INAGEOID2020 v.2 obtained using the Remove-Restore method, which has a standard deviation of 0.0588 m, shows that the accuracy of the KTH method geoid model is higher, with a precision improvement of 0.0062 m.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: geoid
  topic: keywords
subject: airbone
  topic: keywords
subject: terrestrial
  topic: keywords
subject: gravity
  topic: keywords
subject: KTH
  topic: keywords
subject: East Kalimantan
  topic: keywords
creator: Sukma Nur Oktavia
creator: Leni Sophia Heliani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 33
ending page: 41
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.21948

Development of a visual tool for natural disaster risk assessment for the communities of the Republic of Georgia
type: item
description: The National Risk Index, developed by us, provides a relative measurement of national-level natural hazard risk across communities. The risk is defined as the potential for adverse impact from a natural hazard. Local and national authorities require information on the frequency and impact of hazardous events that have occurred or may occur in the future as a basis for risk-informed planning. Generally, most local authorities do not have the technical expertise to develop tools for this, and therefore, it is important to provide national-scale platforms for disaster risk assessment. This paper presents a national multi-hazard risk profiling platform for administrative units within Georgia, located in the Caucasus. The risk calculation is based on a method that uses historical disasters and their frequencies of hazardous phenomena such as landslides, floods, and earthquakes. We calculate the risk for the communities of Georgia. Most methods require detailed data from different sources to calculate risk, and data availability and quality are one of the main challenges in this type of work. This problem is particularly evident in developing countries, where there are limited resources to collect and analyze data quality. Our method is original because it allows for risk calculation, risk assessment, and online visualization of data based only on disasters, recorded in the country’s territory. The interactive map can be used as a visual tool for disaster risk assessment by the parties concerned as well as decision-makers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Disaster Annual Frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: communities
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Disaster Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: online visualization
  topic: keywords
subject: risk assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Levan Natsvlishvili
creator: Shalva Keleptrishvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 227
ending page: 233
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21859

Comparison of different Mercator projection systems for the topographical survey of the Buchanan-Tokadeh (Yekepa) railway, Liberia, Africa
type: item
description: For this project of the Buchanan-Tokadeh (Yekepa) railway located in the Republic of Liberia, Africa, it is about carrying out comparative analysis of precisions between two projection systems, the Local Transverse Mercator (LTM), divided into 15 zones; and Hotine Oblique Mercator (HOM); as well as the projection heights of their Local Topographic Planes (LTP) both in orthometric heights to determine the scale factor, as well as ellipsoidal ones to extend the semi-axes of the ellipsoid of the WGS84 datum to give an scale factor equal to 1 of these systems, along 245 km of route, taking as reference tolerances precisions that must be within 1/40,000 or 2.5 cms per kilometer, and also that the difference in height does not exceed 150 meters. Getting results by performing survey traverse polygon made with a total station, in a way that the deformations using an LTM divided into 15 zones and the HOM expanding the semi-axes of the reference ellipsoid of the Datum WGS84 complying with the aforementioned standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: LTM
  topic: keywords
subject: HOM
  topic: keywords
subject: LTP
  topic: keywords
subject: projection height
  topic: keywords
subject: mean sea level
  topic: keywords
subject: ellipsoidal height
  topic: keywords
subject: scale factor
  topic: keywords
subject: WGS84 datum
  topic: keywords
subject: deformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Alberto Ibarra Granda
creator: Edgar Soares da Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 188
ending page: 197
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21650

Developing standards for surveying, measuring, and mapping underground objects using the GPR method for Vietnam
type: item
description: In the context of rapid urbanization, detailed investigation of underground objects in the shallow layer is very important for safe and efficient urban planning, construction, and operation. With many outstanding advantages, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology has been increasingly applied worldwide in shallow geophysical surveys. However, in Vietnam, applying GPR for surveying and measuring objects in the above spatial range is only in its early stages, and there are no official standards or regulations. This paper uses the GPR method to develop technical standards for investigating and mapping underground objects within 0–6 m depth. The research methodology includes synthesis analysis of international standards, expert consultation, and field experiments. The main results of the study include: (1) Proposing a 9-step detailed GPR survey process; (2) Specific technical regulations for GPR survey work; (3) Classification of 4 quality levels of products (QLB1-QLB4) with specific requirements; (4) Guidelines for representing and presenting maps of underground objects. This standard will be the first document to standardize the application of GPR in measuring and acquiring information on underground objects in Vietnam, contributing to promoting the widespread application of GPR technology in practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: standard
  topic: keywords
subject: GPR
  topic: keywords
subject: object
  topic: keywords
subject: underground
  topic: keywords
subject: shallow layer
  topic: keywords
subject: map
  topic: keywords
creator: Phi Son Nguyen
creator: Thanh Thuy Nguyen
creator: Ngoc Long Dao
creator: Chi Thinh Le
creator: Thi Hue Nguyen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 204
ending page: 215
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21838

Geoinformation wildfire mapping of Ukraine: analyzing FIRMS data for effective fire management
type: item
description: Sustainable growth in Earth remote sensing data necessitates the advancement of interpretation methods to address a wide array of economic challenges. This research paper proposes the development of a methodology to automate the assessment of fire-affected areas using GIS software such as ArcGIS and QGIS. Data on fire localization from NASA/NOAA Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 and MODIS (M6) satellites, sourced from NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), as well as annual land use/land cover data from ESA WorldCover 2021, are utilized for this study. The series of maps obtained from the aggregation and generalization of fire distribution data for individual years across the administrative regions of Ukraine from 2021 to 2023 allows for the assessment of fire density, their correlation with different land cover types, and spatio-temporal changes. Graphs showing the distribution of fires based on land cover types in Ukraine for 2021–2023 have been generated. Additionally, the dynamics of fire occurrences in 2023 compared to 2022 are presented.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: land use
  topic: keywords
subject: land cover (global land cover)
  topic: keywords
subject: maps
  topic: keywords
subject: mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: fires
  topic: keywords
subject: remote sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: data aggregation
  topic: keywords
subject: automation
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
creator: Olha Tomchenko
creator: Dmytro Liashenko
creator: Mariia Yakovenko
creator: Iryna Stakhiv
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 178
ending page: 187
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21322

A comparison of transformation models between geodetic reference frames: case study in Illizi region (Algeria)
type: item
description: The Illizi region is an important petroleum zone in Algeria, where various seismic surveys have been conducted. The merging of adjacent surveys is not possible due to incompatible data linked to the geodetic networks. In this study, the transformation of coordinates, from the global system (WGS84) to the local system based on the Clarke 1880 A spheroid, is carried out based on a set of 57 control points well distributed over the study area with coordinates determined in both the global and local systems. Five approaches were used to determine the transformation parameters between the two systems, namely: Geocentric Translation Model, Bursa-Wolf Transformation, Molodensky-Badekas Transformation, Abridged Molodensky transformation and Multiple Regression Equations (MRE). From statistics on the determined parameters and considering its advantage of reversibility, the Bursa-Wolf Transformation Model is the most suitable model to be used to transform coordinates between the two systems in the study area. Small amount of residuals in transformed coordinates using this model indicates acceptable Bursa-Wolf parameter estimation. An improvement in the results was observed after removing of the outliers control points detected using a statistical test. For the validation of the estimated parameters, external control points were used. The results show acceptable RMS in transformed coordinates of these points.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: geodetic reference system
  topic: keywords
subject: residuals
  topic: keywords
subject: coordinates transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: transformation parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: global system
  topic: keywords
subject: local system
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahdi Haddad
creator: Mounia Gahlouz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 234
ending page: 242
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21550

Accuracy of the corner coordinates of a building surveyed with nine points in RTK GNSS method
type: item
description: In this study, measurements were made to compute the coordinates of a building’s corner with only one steel tape measure and two GNSS receivers in the field. First, three circle arcs were drawn in the field using a steel tape measure at a distance of 1 meter, 3 meters and 5 meters from the corner of the building, and three points were marked spontaneously on each of these three arcs. A total of nine points were obtained and the coordinates of these nine points were determined by using RTK GNSS technique. The coordinates of the corner of the building (K1) were computed by using the coordinates of nine points on 1 meter, 3 meter and 5 meter circle arcs. In this calculation process, the coordinates of the building corner are obtained by taking the average of the values by using nine points on the three circle arcs. When the building corner coordinates obtained with the total station and the coordinates obtained by marking nine points on the arcs were compared, the maximum and minimum differences were found in the range of 5–6 centimetre. Considering that it is advantageous in terms of time, this new method takes completely about 85 minutes for all of the points.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GNSS
  topic: keywords
subject: corner of building
  topic: keywords
subject: accuracy
  topic: keywords
subject: total station
  topic: keywords
creator: Atınç Pırtı
creator: Mehmet Eren
creator: Ramazan Gürsel Hoşbaş
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 198
ending page: 203
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21277

Using RS and AI GIS in land management and urban planning in Mosul, Iraq for sustainable development
type: item
description: The importance of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) comes from the fact that they are means that have been proven effective in supporting and developing the decision-making process in the field of urban control. The city of Mosul in Iraq has been subjected to a tremendous change in the dynamics of land use due to the wars. This study aims to use RS techniques and Artificial Intelligence Geographic Information Systems (AI GIS), as the study relies on Sentinel-2 images and online data sources to evaluate the changes that occurred in the natural environment by comparing the years during and after the destruction. Four classification methods were used in this study; Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning, Scene Classification technique (SC), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). High classifications accuracies were obtained ranging between (92%–97%). The residential area had decreased, followed by vegetation, which was converted to bare land by 64% in the year 2017 due to the war effect. In 2023 some recovery of settlement and increasing in other sectors was observed. The approach highlights the capability of spatial technologies and the role of RS and GIS in sustainable development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: SVM
  topic: keywords
subject: SC
  topic: keywords
subject: NDVI
  topic: keywords
subject: NDWI
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Huda Jamal Jumaah
creator: Abolfazl Ghanbari
creator: Abed Tuama Jasim
creator: Zainab Ali Khalaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 165
ending page: 177
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21135

Addendum: “PHASE: a Matlab-based software for the DInSAR PS processing”
type: item
description: The Authors are issuing an Addendum for this article to clarify to readers that, throughout the article “PHASE: a Matlab-based software for the DInSAR PS processing”, published in Geodesy and Cartography, 51(2), 88–99, https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2025.21995 they always referred to snap2stamps v1 (Foumelis et al., 2018) (released in 2018). This distinction is necessary since during the development of PHASE the developers of snap2stamps were concurrently working on a new release (v2, Delgado Blasco et al., 2023) that addressed many of the same challenges and issues that PHASE aimed at improving. Readers are advised to interpret the reported improvements, in terms of both functionality and time/action reduction, as a comparison against the snap2stamps v1. References Delgado Blasco, J. M., Ziemer, J., Foumelis, M., & Dubois, C. (2023). SNAP2StaMPS v2: Increasing features and supported sensors in the open source SNAP2StaMPS processing scheme. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8362628 Foumelis, M., Delgado Blasco, J. M., Desnos, Y.-L., Engdahl, M., Fernandez, D., Veci, L., Lu, J., & Wong, C. (2018). Esa Snap – Stamps integrated processing for Sentinel-1 persistent scatterer interferometry. In IGARSS 2018–2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (pp. 1364–1367). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8519545
subject: Addendum
  topic: section
subject: addendum
  topic: keywords
creator: Roberto Monti
creator: Lorenzo Rossi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 54
ending page: 54
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.26826

Predicting land use/land cover changes using CA-ANN model in the Gia Lam District, Hanoi City
type: item
description: Gia Lam is a district in the eastern part of Hanoi, Vietnam, undergoing rapid development and urbanization. Predicting land use/land cover changes is crucial for supporting policymakers in designing effective local development strategies. This study aims to forecast land use/land cover changes in Gia Lam District through 2028. Sentinel-2 optical satellite imagery serves as the primary data source, with the classification of five land use/land cover types at different times performed using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, and forecast results generated using a Cellular Automata (CA) model combined with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The results indicate a significant expansion of built-up areas, projected to cover 68.92% of the natural area by 2028. On the contrary, the area under annual vegetation is expected to decline to just 7.71%. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers and land use planners.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gia Lam
  topic: keywords
subject: Random Forest
  topic: keywords
subject: Cellular Automata
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Neural Network
  topic: keywords
subject: land use/land cover
  topic: keywords
subject: classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Sentinel-2 satellite imagery
  topic: keywords
creator: Thanh Tung Dang
creator: Anh Tuan Pham
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 42
ending page: 53
doi: 10.3846/gac.2026.22678

Geodetic monitoring of landslide processes in coastal territories
type: item
description: The study is devoted to the methodology and features of geodetic monitoring of territories to provide analytical and predictive information regarding predicting the danger of coastal strip landslide processes. The causes, consequences, and risks of the development of landslide processes are analysed. The purpose of the study was to justify the need and to consider the methodology of stable high-precision observations of the coastal fortification structure, to identify the zone of active landslides, and to provide suggestions regarding the features and conditions of further observations. To conduct direct observations, it was necessary to lay benchmarks on the territory of the research object. The method using GNSS technologies was chosen for determining the coordinates of benchmarks at the research object. The advantages of using GNSS equipment for monitoring slope deformations compared to traditional geodetic methods have been determined. To achieve the maximum accuracy of measurements, it was decided to install a constantly operating satellite station of the “System.NET” network directly in the work area. During the study period, 33 geodetic soil benchmarks and 53 benchmarks were installed on the coastal fortification structure in the coastal zone. In combination with the methods of geodetic observations, such a density and distribution of benchmarks both in the soil and on the coastal fortification structure made it possible to obtain accurate data on the dynamics of landslide processes and to prevent the negative consequences of the landslide.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: geodetic monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: GNSS observations
  topic: keywords
subject: landslide processes
  topic: keywords
subject: coastal strip
  topic: keywords
subject: benchmark
  topic: keywords
subject: fortification structure
  topic: keywords
creator: Daria Bulysheva
creator: Iryna Leonidova
creator: Oksana Malashchuk
creator: Tetiana Movchan
creator: Oksana Varfolomeyeva
creator: Olga Panasuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
starting page: 50
ending page: 60
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.20300

Determination of location of historical and cultural heritage objects using photogrammetric and geophysical methods
type: item
description: Two central problems related to the study of historical fortification systems are apparent. First, there are high labour costs for the excavation of defensive structures. Therefore, studying each line of defence along its entire length by traditional archaeological methods is practically impossible. That’s probably why special studies of the fortification system are the exception rather than the rule, and information about defensive structures is given in single sections. The second problem is related to the fact that some lines of fortifications were destroyed in ancient times or were practically destroyed due to later economic activity. The specified circumstances determine the need to use photogrammetric and geophysical methods for the preliminary search of the infrastructure of defence structures. This work provides an example of deciding mass graves during the Second World War using the interpretative properties of German aerial photographs of 1944, archival cartographic data on the territory of the Lviv Citadel, where the Nazi concentration camp for prisoners of war Stalag-328 was located during the war. After predetermining the places of mass graves by photogrammetric methods, geophysical surveys were carried out with the help of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for the exact localisation of the graves. 13 locations of mass burials and mass executions and burning of bodies of prisoners of war were discovered.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: historical and cultural heritage
  topic: keywords
subject: space images
  topic: keywords
subject: archival aerial photographs
  topic: keywords
subject: photogrammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Ground Penetrating Radar survey
  topic: keywords
creator: Borys Chetverikov
creator: Ihor Trevoho
creator: Lyubov Babiy
creator: Mariia Malanchuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 41
ending page: 49
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.20320

Investigation of the Africa splitting into two as new ocean forms
type: item
description: Scientists believe that Ethiopian tectonic plate changes indicate that Africa is breaking apart, opening the path for the emergence of the planet’s sixth ocean. Ever since the East African Rift, a 35-mile-long fissure in Ethiopia’s desert, appeared in 2005, there has been a continuous movement between the tectonic plates. The second-largest continent in the world will virtually split in two due to the separation of the Somalian tectonic plate from the larger Nubian tectonic plate. This event has not been seen in hundreds of millions of years, when South America and Africa were separated into separate continents. The Somali and the Nubian tectonic plates are slowly disintegrating from each other, while the Arabian plate continues to pull away. The continental rift will happen along the east African Rift Valley, a geologically active region whose formation millions of years ago is similar to that of the tectonic movements that happen at the bottom of oceans. This means landlocked countries such as Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, and Zambia would inadvertently find themselves with a coastline, and thus, build harbours that connect them to the rest of the world directly. Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia would have two territories each. Though that will take between five to 10 million years, the continent will eventually split into two sub-continents, creating a new ocean basin between them.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Africa continents
  topic: keywords
subject: splitting
  topic: keywords
subject: a new ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: GNSS
  topic: keywords
subject: displacement
  topic: keywords
subject: motion
  topic: keywords
creator: Atınç Pırtı
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 100
ending page: 106
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21177

Harmonization of marine gravity data in Eastern Baltic
type: item
description: Marine gravity datasets covering areas of state scale typically are made up of data that has been surveyed over multiple campaigns. These campaigns often take place many years apart, are of varying resolution and accuracy. This is due to ship-borne campaigns being much more expensive and time consuming than the ones on land; because of this, there is added value in validating and possibly correcting older data sets. Over the course of recent BalMarGrav marine gravity project, dense, high quality gravity data was obtained covering most of the Latvian exclusive economic zone. The new data have been compared to campaigns, both as means of new data validation, and to check for possible biases among older data sets. Purpose of this research is to further the effort, to provide wider coverage of old marine gravity points, to test automated gravity point digitization, and to perform inter-campaign comparisons, using new, filtered and more precise data. Data recovered during this research covers the previous data gaps between sets used in previous research. Using a more complete data coverage can improve new campaign data set validation and provide insights on inter-campaign biases within older data. Recovered data cover shallow coastal areas, where gravity mapping was not done over BalMarGrav project. Thus, by applying correctional values geoid errors can be minimized in the problematic transition zone between terrestrial and marine data. Survey reports containing 20th century marine gravity point data were digitized, using optical character recognition. Gravity point values were transferred to sea surface and transformed to modern reference frames. Both modern and historic marine gravity data were filtered for gross errors and bias tracks. Data set robustness was checked, using leave-one-out cross validation. After processing, a comparison was made between old and new data. Results present re-processed and filtered marine gravity datasets, and their comparison statistics.…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gravity
  topic: keywords
subject: heights
  topic: keywords
subject: data harmonization
  topic: keywords
subject: navigation
  topic: keywords
subject: cross-validation
  topic: keywords
subject: quasigeoid
  topic: keywords
creator: Vents Zusevics
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-04
publication date: 2025-06-04
starting page: 81
ending page: 87
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.23991

Drought safety levels assessment in Uzbekistan part of the Khorezm oasis by geospatial methods
type: item
description: The issue of drought has emerged as a significant challenge in the Khorezm oasis over recent decades. Furthermore, the construction of the Kushtepa canal in Afghanistan is expected to exacerbate the impact of drought in the region. It is of the utmost importance to evaluate the resilience of the oasis to drought in order to ensure effective planning and mitigation strategies. This study employed geospatial data, including the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference of moisture index (NDMI), soil brightness, groundwater table, digital elevation model (DEM), and distance to Amudarya river, derived from Landsat 5 TM, and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data (2000–2023). A weighted overlay analysis was employed to identify the most influential factors, which were found to be distance from the river, canal density, soil brightness, LST, and groundwater table. The findings indicate that 3746 km2 of the oasis is safe, while 4644.32 km2, 5563.77 km2, 5486.17 km2, 7832.64 km2 are classified as dangerous, mid dangerous, high dangerous, and extreme dangerous, respectively. It is recommended that agricultural use be prioritised in areas deemed safe, that construction be restricted, and that population migration from high-risk regions to safer areas be facilitated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: drought
  topic: keywords
subject: LST
  topic: keywords
subject: the main canals’ density
  topic: keywords
subject: groundwater table
  topic: keywords
subject: distance from Amudarya
  topic: keywords
subject: drought safety levels assessment map
  topic: keywords
creator: Muzaffar Matchanov
creator: Matías Mudarra
creator: Askar Nigmatov
creator: Rifat Boymurodov
creator: Ruslan Jumabayev
creator: Ali Hakimi
creator: Otabek Matchanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-03
publication date: 2025-06-03
starting page: 67
ending page: 80
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.23771

Estimation of land surface temperature based on GIS and remote sensing data in Dahuk city
type: item
description: Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a crucial variable across various domains, including studies on the global ramifications of climate change, urban land use and cover, and geo- and biophysical modelling. Satellite data from Landsat 8, specifically the NIR channel, was utilized to generate LST maps, NDVI, and LU/LC for Dahuk City. The correctness of LULC maps was verified by ground observation locations. The results indicate that the LST ranged from 4 to 14 degrees Celsius in 2013 and from 10 to 20 degrees Celsius in 2023. The highest temperatures, ranging from 14 to 20 degrees Celsius, occur in urban areas, whilst the lowest temperatures, recorded in 2013 and 2023, are in forests and aquatic environments, measuring 4 and 10 degrees Celsius, respectively and this occurred because of unplanned expansion of urban areas on behalf of green area as indicated by NDVI. Through this study planners and decision making could predict the future increase in LST if no action taken against these activities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Land Surface Temperature (LST)
  topic: keywords
subject: land use/land cover
  topic: keywords
subject: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: Landsat 8 Satellite
  topic: keywords
subject: Dahuk
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraq
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabaa Falih Naser
creator: Israa Fadhil Ibraheem
creator: Mufid AlHadithi
creator: Fatin Janan Yosief
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-13
publication date: 2025-05-13
starting page: 61
ending page: 66
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21047

Structuring and validation of photogrammetric territorial data
type: item
description: In the loving memory of Mariasofia Paparo, this publication focuses on the validation procedures of photogrammetric geographic information and the production and interpretation of complex reports, which are essential for handling the vast amount of generated data. Furthermore, sources of error in the structuring of geographic data and the quality parameters and conformity criteria necessary for the utilization of such data within the national geodatabase have been investigated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: geographic database
  topic: keywords
subject: data quality
  topic: keywords
subject: INSPIRE
  topic: keywords
subject: photogrammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: GeoUML
  topic: keywords
subject: quality controls
  topic: keywords
subject: ISO/TC 211
  topic: keywords
creator: Ugo Falchi
creator: Mariasofia Paparo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-28
publication date: 2025-03-28
starting page: 31
ending page: 40
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.20484

Conceptual modeling of the structure of a geoinformation system for formation of land plots in state and municipal ownership of settlements
type: item
description: The article deals with the issues of automation of land cadastral information processing based on the modern international standards for management and processing of geospatial information. Object-relational databases together with the GIS provide powerful opportunities for collection, systematization, processing, analysis of various data, as well as storage and visualization of spatial information. According to the results of the analysis of the current legislative provision and processing of the existing data based on the international standards of the ISO 19110 series, the research developed a conceptual scheme of the geospatial database for the formation of state and municipal land plots within settlements. The research provides a model for checking the topology of the geospatial database of the system of automated formation of state and municipal land plots within settlements according to the structure and requirements of the international standard “ISO 19107:2019 Geographic information. Spatial schema”. The developed conceptual model and topology verification model are the basis for physical data modeling and allow ensuring the principle of interoperability in the Spatial Data Infrastructure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Land Use Plan
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: conceptual model
  topic: keywords
subject: formation of land plots
  topic: keywords
subject: state and municipal ownership
  topic: keywords
subject: urban planning reports
  topic: keywords
creator: Tetiana Bukhalska
creator: Oleksandr Yanchuk
creator: Viktor Moshynskyi
creator: Anatolii Lishchynskyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-21
publication date: 2025-03-21
starting page: 18
ending page: 30
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.21032

Accuracy assessment of a three-dimensional model obtained using the LiDAR sensor of the iPhone 13 Pro Max
type: item
description: Scanning of an educational classroom was performed using the LiDAR sensor of the iPhone 13 Pro Max. Comparison was conducted between the lengths of lines and coordinates determined from the model scanned by the LiDAR sensor with precise data measured using the Leica TCR 405 ultra electronic total station and determined from the model created photogrammetrically from images captured with the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 camera. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of distance and spatial positioning was calculated for the LiDAR-scanned model.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: LiDAR
  topic: keywords
subject: iPhone 13 Pro Max
  topic: keywords
subject: accuracy assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: distance
  topic: keywords
subject: coordinates
  topic: keywords
subject: three-dimensional model
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandr Yanchuk
creator: Roman Shulgan
creator: Serhii Trokhymets
creator: Nazarii Sheremet
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-19
publication date: 2025-03-19
starting page: 11
ending page: 17
doi: 10.3846/gac.2025.20797