Landslide susceptibility modelling in Cianjur Regency using landslide numerical risk factor
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2026.22679Abstract
Cianjur Regency was often hit by landslides. In 2022, this regency was affected by landslide, leading to several civilian deaths, injuries, along with damaged houses and infrastructure. To minimize the impact, determining landslide susceptibility level was proven to be an essential step in maximally plan- ning disaster management. Therefore, this study aimed to develop landslide susceptibility model in Cianjur Regency using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The landslide susceptibility model was based on Landslide Numerical Risk Factor (LNRF) method using spatial data consisting of historical landslides, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), geology, soil types, land cover, rainfall, and earthquakes in Cianjur Regency. The accuracy of model was tested using the ROC-Curve method with a value of 0.845 being considered very good. The result showed that most of areas in Cianjur Regency had moderate and high levels of landslide susceptibility, with a percentage of 40% and 46%, respectively. Areas with high level were mostly found in the southeastern part of Cianjur Regency, moderate was evenly distributed, while low levels were in the northeastern and coastal areas.
Keywords:
Landslide, susceptibility, GIS, LNRF, ROC-Curve, Cianjur RegencyHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdullah, A. F., Aimrun, W., Nasidi, N. M., Hazari, K., Sidek, L. M., & Selamat, Z. (2019). Modelling erosion and landslides induced by farming activities at hilly areas, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 81(6), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v81.13795
Abedini, M., & Tulabi, S. (2018). Assessing LNRF, FR, and AHP models in landslide susceptibility mapping index: A comparative study of Nojian watershed in Lorestan province, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(11), Article 405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7524-1
Agustin, F., & Bronto, S. (2019). Volkanostratigrafi Inderaan Jauh Kompleks Gunungapi Gede dan Sekitarnya, Jawa Barat, Indonesia [Remotely sensed volcano stratigraphy of the Gede volcanic complex and surroundings, West Java, Indonesia]. Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral, 20(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v20i1.386
Akinci, H., Doğan, S., Kiliçoğlu, C., & Serhan Temiz, M. (2011). Production of landslide susceptibility map of Samsun (Turkey) city center by using frequency ratio method. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(5), 1015–1025.
Aleotti, P., & Chowdhury, R. (1999). Landslide hazard assessment: Summary review and new perspectives. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 58, 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640050066
Arsyad, S. (1989). Konservasi Air dan Tanah [Water and soil conservation]. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ayalew, L., Yamagishi, H., & Ugawa, N. (2004). Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based weighted linear combination, the case in Tsugawa area of Agano River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Landslides, 1(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-003-0006-9
Britannica. (2011a). Alfisol. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Alfisol
Britannica. (2011b). Cambisol. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Cambisol
Cantarino, I., Carrion, M. A., Goerlich, F., & Martinez Ibañez, V. (2019). A ROC analysis-based classification method for landslide susceptibility maps. Landslides, 16(2), 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1063-4
Central Bureau of Statistics Cianjur Regency. (2024a). Jumlah Curah Hujan di Stasiun Pacet (mm), 2020–2022 [Rainfall at Pacet Station (mm), 2020–2022]. https://cianjurkab.bps.go.id/indicator/151/182/1/jumlah-curah-hujan-di-stasiun-pacet.html
Central Bureau of Statistics Cianjur Regency. (2024b). Kabupaten Cianjur Dalam Angka 2024 [Cianjur Regency in numbers 2024]. https://cianjurkab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/02/28/b9cc2c5d142d55e0985d83ba/kabupaten-cianjur-dalam-angka-2024.html
Che, V. B., Kervyn, M., Suh, C. E., Fontijn, K., Ernst, G. G. J., Del Marmol, M. A., Trefois, P., & Jacobs, P. (2012). Landslide susceptibility assessment in Limbe (SW Cameroon): A field calibrated seed cell and information value method. Catena, 92, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.014
Damayanti, A., Angin, F., Adib, A., & Irfan, M. (2020). Geomorphological characteristic of landslide hazard zones in Sukarame Village, Cisolok Subdistric, Sukabumi Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 412, Article 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/412/1/012009
Department of Public Works, Directorate General of Spatial Planning. (2007). Pedoman Penataan Ruang Kawasan Rawan Bencana Longsor [Guidelines for spatial planning in Landslide-Prone Areas]. https://jdih.pu.go.id/internal/assets/assets/produk/PermenPUPR/2007/07/PermenPU22-2007.pdf
Dharmawan, I. W. S., Ridwan, M., & Suparna, N. (2021). Jenis Tanah, Komposisi dan Keanekaragaman Jenis Tegakan Pada Pengusahaan Hutan Alam Secara Konvensional dan RIL [Soil types, composition and diversity of stand types in conventional and RIL natural forest management]. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 19(3), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.3.555-564
Disaster Management Agency Cianjur Regency. (2022). Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah (LKIP) 2022 BPBD Kabupaten Cianjur [Government Agency Performance Report of Cianjur Regency].
Disaster Management Agency Cianjur Regency. (2024). Dokumen Rencana Penaggulangan Bencana Kabupaten Cianjur 2025–2029 [Cianjur Regency disaster management plan document 2025–2029].
Disaster Management Agency of West Java Province. (2024). BARATA: Kejadian Per Bencana [Events per disaster].
Erener, A., & Düzgün, H. S. B. (2010). Improvement of statistical landslide susceptibility mapping by using spatial and global regression methods in the case of more and Romsdal (Norway). Landslides, 7(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0188-x
Eslami, M., Shadfar, S., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., & Pazira, E. (2019). Assessment of density area and LNRF models in landslide hazard zonation (case study: Alamout watershed, Qazvin Province, Iran). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.08.001
Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
Fell, R., Corominas, J., Bonnard, C., Cascini, L., Leroi, E., & Savage, W. Z. (2008). Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning. Engineering Geology, 102(3–4), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.022
Gupta, R. P., & Joshi, B. C. (1990). Landslide hazard zoning using the GIS approach: A case study from the Ramganga catchment, Himalayas. Engineering Geology, 28(1–2), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(90)90037-2
Hanley, J. A., & McNeil, B. J. (1982). The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.143.1.7063747
Hartini, K., Prihapsari, S., Hartanto, G., & Rohmah, A. (2022). Penanganan Gempa Cianjur 2022 [2022 Cianjur Earthquake Response]. Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing.
Highland, L. M., & Bobrowsky, P. (2008). The landslide handbook: A guide to understanding landslides. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1325
Hyunuk, A., Minseok, K., & Giha, L. (2016). Survey of spatial and temporal landslide prediction methods and techniques. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science, 43(4). https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20160053
Kanungo, D. P., Arora, M. K., Sarkar, S., & Gupta, R. P. (2009). A fuzzy set based approach for integration of thematic maps for landslide susceptibility zonation. Georisk, 3(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499510802541417
Kayastha, P., Dhital, M. R., & De Smedt, F. (2012). Landslide susceptibility mapping using the weight of evidence method in the Tinau Watershed, Nepal. Natural Hazards, 63(2), 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-01 2-0163-z
Kornejady, A., Heidary, K., Sarparast, M., Gh, K., & Mombeini, M. (2014). Performance assessment of two “LNRF” and “AHP-area density” models in landslide susceptibility zonation. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine, 4(3), 169–176.
Lee, S., & Choi, J. (2004). Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and the weight-of-evidence model. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 18(8), 789–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810410001702003
Lee, S., & Pradhan, B. (2007). Landslide hazard mapping at Selangor, Malaysia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. Landslides, 4(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-006-0047-y
Lee, S., & Sambath, T. (2006). Landslide susceptibility mapping in the Damrei Romel area, Cambodia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. Environmental Geology, 50(6), 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0256-7
Lee, S., Ryu, J.-H., Won, J.-S., & Park, H.-J. (2004). Determination and application of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an artificial neural network. Engineering Geology, 71(3–4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00142-X
Moore, I. D., Grayson, R. B., & Ladson, D. A. R. (1991). Digital terrain modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Hydrological Processes, 5(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050103
Mustikaningrum, M., Widhatama, A. F., Widantara, K. W., Ibrohim, M., Hibatullah, M. F., Larasati, R. A. P., Utami, S., & Hadmoko, D. S. (2023). Multi-hazard analysis in Gunungkidul regency using the spatial multi-criteria evaluation. Forum Geografi, 37(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v37i1.19041
National Board for Disaster Management. (2018). Data Bencana Indonesia 2018 [Indonesian Disaster Data 2018].
Noviandi, F. (2022). Jenazah Korban Gempa Cianjur Ditemukan Lagi di Lokasi Longsor Cijedil Cugenang, Identitas Laki-laki [The body of a Cianjur earthquake victim was found again at The Cijedil Cugenang Landslide Site, identified as a man.]. Tribun Jabar. https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2022/12/20/jenazah-korban-gempa-cianjur-ditemukan-lagi-di-lokasi-longsor-cijedil-cugenang-seorang-laki-laki
Patil, A. S., & Panhalkar, S. S. (2023). Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using LNRF method in part of Western Ghats of India. Quaternary Science Advances, 11, Article 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100095
Sobirin, Sitanala, F. TH. R., & Ramadhan, M. (2017). Analisis potensi dan Bahaya Bencana Longsor Menggunakan Modifikasi Metode Indeks Storie di Kabupaten Kebumen Jawa Tengah [Analysis of landslide potential and hazards using modified Storie Index method in Kebumen Regency, Central Java]. In 8th Industrial Workshop and National Seminar Politechnik Negeri Bandung (pp. 59–64). IRONS. https://jurnal.polban.ac.id/proceeding/article/view/699/552
Reis, S., Yalcin, A., Atasoy, M., Nisanci, R., Bayrak, T., Erduran, M., Sancar, C., & Ekercin, S. (2012). Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy methods in Rize province (NE Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 66(7), 2063–2073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1432-y
Saha, A. K., Gupta, R. P., Sarkar, I., Arora, M. K., & Csaplovics, E. (2005). An approach for GIS based statistical landslide susceptibility zonation-with a case study in the Himalayas. Landslides, 2(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-0 04-0039-8
Sonker, I., Tripathi, J. N., & Swarnim. (2022). Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio method in Sikkim Himalaya. Quaternary Science Advances, 8, Article 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2022.100067
Sudjatmiko. (2003). Peta Geologi Lembar Cianjur, Jawa Barat [Geological Map of Cianjur Plate, West Java].
Sulistyo, B. (2016). Peranan Sistem Informasi Geografis Dalam Mitigasi Bencana Tanah Longsor [The role of geographic information systems in landslide disaster mitigation]. In National Seminar “Disaster mitigation in regional development planning“. Hazairin University, Bengkulu. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16705.97128
Swets, J. A. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 240(4857), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3287615
Syahrial, M. (2022). 58.362 Orang Korban Gempa Cianjur Masih Mengungsi, Ini Daftar Kebutuhan yang Bisa Disalurkan ke Pendopo Kabupaten Cianjur [58.362 Cianjur earthquake victims are still displaced, here’s a list of needs that can be distributed to the Cianjur Regency Hall]. Kompas. https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/11/22/184814078/58362-orang-korban-gempa-cianjur-masih-mengungsi-ini-daftar-kebutuhan-yang
Syarif, M., Sampebulu, V., Tjaronge, M. W., & Nasruddin. (2018). Analysis of the physical properties of alternative cement made from recycled waste material. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9(9), 1441–1450.
Torkashvand, A. M., Irani, A., & Sorur, J. (2014). The preparation of landslide map by Landslide Numerical Risk Factor (LNRF) model and Geographic Information System (GIS). Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 17(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2014.08.001
Trifonova, O. P., Lokhov, P. G., & Archakov, A. I. (2013). Metabolic profiling of human blood. Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chenistry, 7, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990750813030128
Tufaila, M., & Alam, S. (2014). Karakteristik Tanah dan Evaluasi Lahan Untuk Pengembangan Tanaman Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Oheo Kabupaten Konawe Utara [Soil characteristics and land evaluation for paddy field development in Oheo District, North Konawe Regency]. Agriplus, 24(2), 184 –194.
Vijith, H., Rejith, P. G., & Madhu, G. (2009). Using InfoVal method and GIS techniques for the spatial modelling of landslide susceptibility in the upper catchment of river Meenachil in Kerala. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37, 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-009-0028-4
Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Center. (2003). Pengenalan Gerakan Tanah [Introduction to ground movement]. https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/Pengenalan_Gerakan_Tanah.pdf
Wahyuni, S., & Sukiyah, E. (2023). Karakteristik Geomorfologi Dalam Penentuan Lokasi Rawan Bencana Longsor Di Kecamatan Cisewu, Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat [Geomorphological characteristics in determining landslide-prone locations in Cisewu district, Garut Regency, West Java Province]. Jurnal GEOMINERBA, 8(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.58522/ppsdm22.v8i1.114
Wilson, J. P., & Gallant, J. C. (2000). Digital terrain analysis. In Terrain analysis: Principles and applications (pp. 1–27). Wiley.
Yesilnacar, E., & Topal, T. (2005). Landslide susceptibility mapping: A comparison of logistic regression and neural networks methods in a moderate scale study, Hendek region (Turkey). Engineering Geology, 79(3–4), 251–266.
View article in other formats
CrossMark check
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.