Estimating Euler pole parameters for Sundaland block in IGB14 using robust filtration approach
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2026.22224Abstract
Enhancing the accuracy of the Euler pole parameters for the Sundaland block is essential, given the revised reference frame. The selection of GNSS stations should be obtained before the major event of the 2004 Mw9.2 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Initially, 34 GNSS stations in Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, and Philippines (1999–2004) were adopted under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014), specifically IGB14. This study employed precise point positioning (PPP) to obtain accurate coordinates via scientific GipsyX version 1.7. The coordinate time series derived from the X-file mapping approach was utilised to estimate a linear trend motion. The stations’ velocities were derived using a 3-dimensional (3D) linear regression approach. To achieve an optimal Euler pole parameter, the outlier filtration processes were employed using statistical tests, limit-based test, and combined statistical and limit-based tests. The combined Baarda and limit-based method was clarified as the robust filtration approach to derive the optimal Euler pole parameters for the Sundaland block at the latitude of 66.77° and longitude of –100.34°, with a rotation rate of 0.302±0.007°/Myr. A further study with densified data covering the maximum Sundaland region is expected to derive the Euler pole parameters more accurately.
Keywords:
Euler pole, Sundaland, GNSS, velocities, time series, robust filtrationHow to Cite
Share
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Altamimi, Z., Métivier, L., & Collilieux, X. (2012). ITRF2008 plate motion model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117(B7), Article B07402. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008930
Altamimi, Z., Métivier, L., Rebischung, P., Collilieux, X., Chanard, K., & Barnéoud, J. (2023). ITRF2020 plate motion model. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(24), Article e2023GL106373. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106373
Argus, D. F., & Gordon, R. G. (1991). No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model NUVEL-1. Geophysical Research Letters, 18(11), 2039–2042. https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL01532
Argus, D. F., Gordon, R. G., & DeMets, C. (2011). Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 12(11), Article Q11001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003751
Bird, P. (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4(3), Article 1027. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000252
Blewitt, G. (2008). Fixed point theorems of GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution and their application to massive network processing: Ambizap. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B12), Article B12410. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005736
Blewitt, G., & Lavallée, D. (2002). Effect of annual signals on geodetic velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B7), ETG 9-1–ETG 9-11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000570
Bock, Y., Prawirodirdjo, L., Genrich, J. F., Stevens, C. W., McCaffrey, R., Subarya, C., Puntodewo, S. S. O., & Calais, E. (2003). Crustal motion in Indonesia from Global Positioning System measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B8), Article 2367. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000324
Boehm, J., Niell, A., Tregoning, P., & Schuh, H. (2006). Global Mapping Function (GMF): A new empirical mapping function based on numerical weather model data. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(7), Article L07304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025546
Bos, M. S., & Scherneck, H. G. (2014). Onsala Space Observatory. http://holt.oso.chalmers.se/loading
DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G., & Argus, D. F. (2010). Geologically current plate motions. Geophysical Journal International, 181(1), 1–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
Ghilani, C. D., & Wolf, P. R. (2006). Adjustment computations: Spatial data analysis. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470121498
Goudarzi, M. A., Cocard, M., & Santerre, R. (2014). EPC: Matlab software to estimate Euler pole parameters. GPS Solutions, 18(1), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-013-0354-4
Kreemer, C., Blewitt, G., & Maerten, F. (2006). Co- and postseismic deformation of the 28 March 2005 Nias Mw 8.7 earthquake from continuous GPS data. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(7), Article L07307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025566
Kreemer, C., Holt, W. E., & Haines, A. J. (2003). An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation. Geophysical Journal International, 154(1), 8–34. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01917.x
Lyard, F., Lefevre, F., Letellier, T., & Francis, O. (2006). Modelling the global ocean tides: Modern insights from FES2004. Ocean Dynamics, 56(5), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x
McCaffrey, R. (2009). The tectonic framework of the Sumatran subduction zone. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100212
Meade, B. J., & Hager, B. H. (2005). Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 110(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003209
Mustafar, M. A., Simons, W. J. F., Tongkul, F., Satirapod, C., Omar, K. M., & Visser, P. N. A. M. (2017). Quantifying deformation in North Borneo with GPS. Journal of Geodesy, 91(10), 1241–1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-017-1024-z
Prawirodirdjo, L., & Bock, Y. (2004). Instantaneous global plate motion model from 12 years of continuous GPS observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109(B8), Article B08405. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002944
Schmid, R., Rothacher, M., Thaller, D., & Steigenberger, P. (2005). Absolute phase center corrections of satellite and receiver antennas. GPS Solutions, 9(4), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-005-0134-x
Simons, W. J. F., Socquet, A., Vigny, C., Ambrosius, B. A. C., Haji Abu, S., Promthong, C., Subarya, C., Sarsito, D. A., Matheussen, S., Morgan, P., & Spakman, W. (2007). A decade of GPS in Southeast Asia: Resolving Sundaland motion and boundaries. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112(B6), Article B06420. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003868
Vigny, C., Simons, W. J. F., Abu, S., Bamphenyu, R., Satirapod, C., Choosakul, N., Subarya, C., Socquet, A., Omar, K., Abidin, H. Z., & Ambrosius, B. A. C. (2005). Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia. Nature, 436(7048), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03937
Yong, C. Z., Denys, P. H., & Pearson, C. F. (2017). Present-day kinematics of the Sundaland plate. Journal of Applied Geodesy, 11(3), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2016-0024
Zulkifli, N. A., Din, A. H. M., & Omar, A. H. (2019). The impact of different international terrestrial reference frames (ITRFs) on positioning and mapping in Malaysia. In Lecture notes in civil engineering: Vol. 9. GCEC 2017 (pp. 671–690). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_51
Zumberge, J. F., Heflin, M. B., Jefferson, D. C., Watkins, M. M., & Webb, F. H. (1997). Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B3), 5005–5017. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03860
View article in other formats
CrossMark check
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.