Reimagining Finland as a manufacturing base: the nearshoring potential of Finland in an industry 4.0 perspective
Abstract
After decades of globalization and outsourcing the idea of “bringing manufacturing back home” and the twin concepts of backshoring and nearshoring have received much attention in recent years. Recent positive stories from the Finnish manufacturing industry suggests Finland as an attractive target for nearshoring, yet little to none has hitherto been made of this connection. This article (i.) examines recent relocation literature with a focus on nearshoring and manufacturing in high-cost environments, (ii.) explores the location advantage of Finland, (iii.) analyses cases of recent manufacturing developments in Finland within this context as single incidents or signals of change, and (iv.) discusses this development within the perspective of Industry 4.0.
Keyword : Nearshoring;, Location advantage;, Manufacturing relocation;, Manufacturing 4.0;, Industry 4.0;, Industrial strategies;, Corporate foresight
How to Cite
Kaivo-Oja, J., Knudsen, M. S., & Lauraéus, T. (2018). Reimagining Finland as a manufacturing base: the nearshoring potential of Finland in an industry 4.0 perspective. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 16, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2018.2480
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2014). How virtualization, decentralization and network building change the manufacturing landscape: an industry 4.0 perspective. International Journal of Information and Communication Engineering, 8(1), 37-44.
Brettel, M., Klein, M., & Friederichsen, N. (2016). The relevance of manufacturing flexibility in the context of Industrie 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 41, 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.12.047
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Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance still matters: the hard reality of global expansion. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 137-40, 142-7, 162.
Gylling, M., Heikkilä, J., Jussila, K., & Saarinen, M. (2015). Making decisions on offshore outsourcing and backshoring: a case study in the bicycle industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 162, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.01.006
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Ketokivi, M., Turkulainen, V., Seppälä, T., Rouvinen, P., & Ali-Yrkkä, J. (2017). Why locate manufacturing in a high-cost country? A case study of 35 production location decisions. Journal of Operations Management, 49-51, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.12.005
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Lu, Y. (2017). Industry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2017.04.005
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McIvor, R. (2013). Understanding the manufacturing location decision: the case for the transaction cost and capability perspectives. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2), 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12010
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Panova, Y., & Hilletofth, P. (2017). Feasibility of nearshoring European manufacturing located in China to Russia. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 10(3), 141-148.
Roblek, V., Mesko, M., & Krapez, A. (2016). A complex view of industry 4.0. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016653987
Saritas, O., & Smith, J. E. (2011). The big picture – trends, drivers, wild cards, discontinuities and weak signals. Futures, 43, 292-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2010.11.007
Schonberger, R. J., & Brown, K. A. (2017). Missing link in competitive manufacturing research and practice: customer-responsive concurrent production. Journal of Operations Management, 49-51, 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.12.006
Slepniov, D., Brazinskas, S., & Wæhrens, B. J. (2013). Nearshoring practices: an exploratory study of Scandinavian manufacturers and Lithuanian vendor firms. Baltic Journal of Management, 8(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465261311291632
Stanczyk, A., Cataldo, Z. Blome, C., & Busse, C. (2017). The dark side of global sourcing: a systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(1), 41-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-10-2015-0252
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Stentoft, J., Mikkelsen, O. S., & Johnsen, T. E. (2015). Going local: a trend towards insourcing of production?, Supply Chain Forum, 16(1), 2-13.
Stentoft, J., Olhager, J., Heikkilä, J., & Thoms, L. (2016). Manufacturing backshoring: a systematic literature review. Operations Management Research, 9(3-4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-016-0111-2
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Backer, K. D., Menon, C., Desnoyers-James, I., & Moussiegt, L. (2016). Reshoring: myth or reality?. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/reshoring-myth-or-reality_5jm56frbm38s-en?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf
Backer, K. D., DeStefano, T., Menon, C., & Suh, J. R. (2018). Industrial robotics and the global organisation of production. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/dd98ff58-en.pdf?expires=1528292484&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2323A12050A5E80B2A465DB4069E0CC9
Bals, L., Kirchoff, J. K., & Foerstl, L. (2016). Exploring the reshoring and insourcing decision making process: toward an agenda for future research. Operation Management Research, 9(3-4), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-016-0113-0
Barbieri, P., Ciabuschi, F., Fratocchi, L., & Vignoli, M. (2018). What do we know about manufacturing reshoring?. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 11(1), 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-02-2017-0004
Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2014). How virtualization, decentralization and network building change the manufacturing landscape: an industry 4.0 perspective. International Journal of Information and Communication Engineering, 8(1), 37-44.
Brettel, M., Klein, M., & Friederichsen, N. (2016). The relevance of manufacturing flexibility in the context of Industrie 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 41, 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.12.047
Business Insider Nordic. (2017). Finnish shipyard Meyer Turku will triple productivity by 2025 to meet quickly growing demand. May 12th 2017. Retrieved from http://nordic.businessinsider.com/finnish-shipyard-meyer-turku-will-triple-productivity-by-2025-to-meet-the-quickly-growing-demand-2017-5/
Carmel, E., & Abbott, P. (2007). Why ‘nearshore’ means that distance matters. Communications of the ACM, 50(10), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1145/1290958.1290959
Cohen, M. A, Cui, S., Ernst, R., Huchzermeier, A., Kouvelis, P., Lee, H. L., Matsuo, H., Steuber, M., & Tsay, A. A. (2017). OM Forum – Benchmarking Global Production Sourcing Decisions: Where and Why Firms Offshore and Reshore. Georgetown McDonough School of Business Research Paper No. 27 913 73. Stanford University Graduate School of Business Research Paper No. 16-28.
Daimler. (2017). Top performance in focus: Daimler AG distinguishes ten suppliers with the Supplier Award 2016. Retrieved from http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Top-performance-in-focus-Daimler-AG-distinguishes-ten-suppliers-with-the-Supplier-Award-2016.xhtml?oid=15706390
de Treville, S., Ketokivi, M., & Singhal, V. R. (2017). Competitive manufacturing in a high-cost environment: introduction to the special issue. Journal of Operations Management, 49-51, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2017.02.001
Dunning, J. H. (1998). Location and the multinational enterprise: a neglected factor?. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1), 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490024
The Economist. (2005). The rise of nearshoring. Dec 1st 2005. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/node/5246203
Eurostat. (2018). Globalisation in business statistics. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/economic-globalisation/globalisation-in-business-statistics
Foerstl, K., Kirchoff, J. K., & Bals, L. (2016). Reshoring and insourcing: drivers and future research directions. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics, 46(5), 492-515. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-02-2015-0045
Fratocchi, L., Di Mauro, C., Barbieri, P., & Nassimbeni, G. (2014). When manufacturing moves back: concepts and questions. Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 20, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2014.01.004
Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance still matters: the hard reality of global expansion. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 137-40, 142-7, 162.
Gylling, M., Heikkilä, J., Jussila, K., & Saarinen, M. (2015). Making decisions on offshore outsourcing and backshoring: a case study in the bicycle industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 162, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.01.006
Hartman, P. L., Ogden, J. A., Wirthlin, J. R., & Hazen, B. T. (2017). Nearshoring, reshoring and in-sourcing: moving beyond the total cost of ownership conversation. Business Horizons, 60, 363-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.01.008
Heikkilä, J., Martinsuo, M., & Nenonen, S. (2018). Backshoring of production in the context of a small and open Nordic economy. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(4), 658-675. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-12-2016-0178
Helsinki Sanomat. (2018). Suomen talous voisi saada yllätävän vauhdittajan paljon parjatuista kaivok-sista – mineraalivarantojen arvo on peräti 500 miljardia euroa. Retrieved from https://www.hs.fi/talous/art-2000005555723.html
Jensen, P. D. Ø., & Pedersen, T. (2011). The economic geography of offshoring: the fit between activities and local context. Journal of Management Studies, 48(2), 352-372.
Kaivo-oja, J. (2012).Weak signals analysis, knowledge management theory and systemic socio-cultural transitions. Futures. The Journal of Policy, Planning and Futures Studies, 44(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2011.10.003
Ketokivi, M., Turkulainen, V., Seppälä, T., Rouvinen, P., & Ali-Yrkkä, J. (2017). Why locate manufacturing in a high-cost country? A case study of 35 production location decisions. Journal of Operations Management, 49-51, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.12.005
Larsen, M. M., Manning, S., & Pedersen, T. (2013). Uncovering the hidden costs of offshoring: the interplay of complexity, organizational design, and experience. Strategic Management Journal, 34(5), 533-552. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2023
Lu, Y. (2017). Industry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2017.04.005
Lorincz, N. (2018). Being an investment target in CEE. Country attractiveness and near-shoring. Budapest Management Review, 49(5), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2018.05.05
Martinsuo, M., & Chaoji, P. (2017). Manufacturing innoveations and their implications for manufacturing Relocation. In J. Heikkilä, (Ed.), Relocation of Nordic manufacturing. Tampere University of Technology, Industrial and Information Management.
McIvor, R. (2013). Understanding the manufacturing location decision: the case for the transaction cost and capability perspectives. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2), 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12010
Mendonca, S., Pina e Cunha, M., Kaivo-oja, J., & Ruff, F. (2004). Wild cards, weak signals and organisational improvisation. Futures. The Journal of Policy, Planning and Futures Studies, 36, 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(03)00148-4
Mendonca, S., Cardoso, G., & Caraca, J. (2012). The strategic strength of weak signal analysis. Futures, 44, 212-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2011.10.004
Meyer, T. (2006). Offshoring to new shores: nearshoring to Central and Eastern Europe. Deutsche Bank Research, MPRA Paper No. 5785. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/5785/1/MPRA_paper_5785.pdf
Meyer Turku. (2017). Meyer Turku to more than double investments to 185 million euros. Retrieved from http://www.meyerturku.fi/en/meyerturku_com/media/presseticker/pressemitteilung_detailansicht_13120.jsp
Miebach Consulting. (2017). Miebach’s nearshoring study shows: the production is being relocated closer to the industrialized countries. Retrieved from https://www.miebach.com/en/news-events/news/?news=199
Moradlou, H., Sawhney, R., Backhouse, C., & Mountney, S. (2017). Investigation on Additive Manufacturing as an enabler for reshoring manufacturing activities. EurOMA Conference 2017. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Müller, J., Dotzauer, V., & Voigt, K. (2017). Industry 4.0 and its impact on reshoring decisions of German manufacturing enterprises. In C. Bode, R. Bogaschewsky, M. Essig, R. Lasch, W. Stölzle (Eds.), Supply Management Research. Advanced Studies in Supply Management. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18632-6_8
Nujen, B. B., Halse, L. L., Damm, R., & Gammelsæter, H. (2018). Managing reversed (global) outsourcing – the role of knowledge, technology and time. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(4), 676-698. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2017-0023
OECD. (2017). OECD Data average wages. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/averagewages.htm
OECD. (2018). OECD economics surveys: Finland. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-finland-2018_eco_surveys-fin-2018-en
Panova, Y., & Hilletofth, P. (2017). Feasibility of nearshoring European manufacturing located in China to Russia. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 10(3), 141-148.
Roblek, V., Mesko, M., & Krapez, A. (2016). A complex view of industry 4.0. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016653987
Saritas, O., & Smith, J. E. (2011). The big picture – trends, drivers, wild cards, discontinuities and weak signals. Futures, 43, 292-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2010.11.007
Schonberger, R. J., & Brown, K. A. (2017). Missing link in competitive manufacturing research and practice: customer-responsive concurrent production. Journal of Operations Management, 49-51, 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.12.006
Slepniov, D., Brazinskas, S., & Wæhrens, B. J. (2013). Nearshoring practices: an exploratory study of Scandinavian manufacturers and Lithuanian vendor firms. Baltic Journal of Management, 8(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465261311291632
Stanczyk, A., Cataldo, Z. Blome, C., & Busse, C. (2017). The dark side of global sourcing: a systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(1), 41-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-10-2015-0252
Statistics Finland. (2018). Regional statistics on entrepeneurial activity, 005 – Gross and added value of establishments by industry and region 2016. Retrieved from http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__yri__alyr/statfin_alyr_pxt_005.px/?rxid=68ae4e57-2fe1-40c8-aec2-d95cf58448d8
Stentoft, J., Mikkelsen, O. S., & Johnsen, T. E. (2015). Going local: a trend towards insourcing of production?, Supply Chain Forum, 16(1), 2-13.
Stentoft, J., Olhager, J., Heikkilä, J., & Thoms, L. (2016). Manufacturing backshoring: a systematic literature review. Operations Management Research, 9(3-4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-016-0111-2
Suni, P., & Vihriälä, V. (2016). Finland and its Northern Peers in the Great Recession. ETLA – The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. Retrieved from https://www.etla.fi/wp-content/uploads/ETLA-Raportit-Reports-49.pdf
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