Share:


The impact of perceived organizational support and proactive personality on affective commitment: mediating role of prosocial motivation

    Ihsan Ullah   Affiliation
    ; Natasha Saman Elahi   Affiliation
    ; Ghulam Abid   Affiliation
    ; Matti Ullah Butt   Affiliation

Abstract

Purpose – The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of perceived organizational support and proactive personality on prosocial motivation. Furthermore, it looks upon the influence of prosocial motivation on affective commitment. The indirect effect of perceived organizational support and proactive personality on affective commitment through prosocial motivation is also examined.


Research methodology – The self-administered survey questionnaires are utilised for collecting the data from the service sector employees. Data were analyzed by using Process Macros on an actual sample of 221.


Findings – Results indicate that perceived organizational support and proactive personality are the drivers of prosocial motivation. Likewise, prosocial motivation is positively associated with affective commitment. Besides, the indirect effect of perceived organizational support and proactive personality on affective commitment through prosocial motivation is significant.


Research limitations – This study is conducted in the specific culture and the organizational context of Pakistan (Lahore). Data of all study variables are collected from the employees (single source) and at one point in time.


Practical implications – The study findings suggested that organizations should always provide support to their employees that encourage them to show more desire to help their colleagues in the working environment and fosters their commitment towards their organization.


Originality/Value – It is the first study that examines the indirect impact of POS and proactive personality on affective commitment via prosocial motivation.

Keyword : perceived organizational support, proactive personality, affective commitment, prosocial motivation

How to Cite
Ullah, I., Elahi, N. S., Abid, G., & Butt, M. U. (2020). The impact of perceived organizational support and proactive personality on affective commitment: mediating role of prosocial motivation. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 18(2), 183-205. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2020.12189
Published in Issue
Jul 9, 2020
Abstract Views
3254
PDF Downloads
2583
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abid, G., Contreras, F., Ahmed, S., & Qazi, T. (2019). Contextual factors and organizational commitment: Examining the mediating role of thriving at work. Sustainability, 11(17), 4686. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174686

Abid, G., Sajjad, I., Elahi, N. S., Farooqi, S., & Nisar, A. (2018). The influence of prosocial motivation and civility on work engagement: The mediating role of thriving at work. Cogent-Business and Management, 5(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1493712

Akgunduz, Y., & Sanli, S. C. (2017). The effect of employee advocacy and perceived organizational support on job embeddedness and turnover intention in hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.002

Al-Abbadi, L. H. M. (2018). The impact of high performance human resources practices on in-role and innovative job performance: The mediation role of affective commitment. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 4(1).

Alder, G. S., McAllister, D., & Chase, J. (2012). we get by with a little help from our friends: exploring the effects of perceived coworker support on employee burnout and job attitudes. Advances in Business Research, 3(1), 1–11.

Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x

Allen, D. G., Weeks, K. P., & Moffitt, K. R. (2005). Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 980–990. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.980

Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 49(3), 252–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043

Alkhateri, A. S., Abuelhassan, A. E., Khalifa, G. S., Nusari, M., & Ameen, A. (2018). The Impact of perceived supervisor support on employee’s turnover intention: The Mediating role of job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. International Business Management, 12(7), 477–492.

Altura, T. G., Rao, A. N., & Virick, M. (2020). Proactive personality as a double-edged sword: The mediating role of work–family conflict on employee outcomes. Journal of Career Development, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845319899984

Andri, G. A., Adawiyah, W. R., & Purnomo, R. (2019). Psychological capital as a mediation, relationship between empowering leadership, transformational leadership behaviour, proactive personality to individual job performance. Jurnal Benefita: Ekonomi Pembangunan, Manajemen Bisnis & Akuntansi, 4(3), 492–506. https://doi.org/10.22216/jbe.v4i3.4445

Arshadi, N. (2011). The relationships of perceived organizational support (POS) with organizational commitment, in-role performance, and turnover intention: Mediating role of felt obligation. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 30, 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.215

Asgari, A., Mezginejad, S., & Taherpour, F. (2020). The role of leadership styles in organizational citizenship behaviour through mediation of perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. Innovar, 30(75), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v30n75.83259

Babič, K., Černe, M., Škerlavaj, M., & Zhang, P. (2018). The Interplay among prosocial motivation, cultural tightness, and uncertainty avoidance in predicting knowledge hiding. Economic & Business Review, 20(3), 395–422.

Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61(8), 1139–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094863

Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behaviour: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 14(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202

Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Powell, A. A., Stocks, E. L., Shah, J., & Gardner, W. L. (2008). Prosocial motivation. In Handbook of motivation science (pp. 135–149). Guilford Press.

Becherer, R. C., & Maurer, J. G. (1999). The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behaviour among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(1), 28–32.

Bergeron, D. M., & Thompson, P. S. (2020). Speaking up at work: The role of perceived organizational support in explaining the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and voice behaviour. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 0021886319900332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886319900332

Bosch, M. J., Las Heras, M., Russo, M., Rofcanin, Y., & i Grau, M. G. (2018). How context matters: The relationship between family supportive supervisor behaviours and motivation to work moderated by gender inequality. Journal of Business Research, 82, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.026

Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship behaviour and the creation of social capital in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27, 505–522. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.7566023

Bouraoui, K., Bensemmane, S., Ohana, M., & Russo, M. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and employees’ affective commitment. Management Decision, 57(1), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2017-1015

Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and organizations: a multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 795–817. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159624

Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: a field investigation with college graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.717

Butt, T. H., Abid, G., Arya, B., & Farooqi, S. (2018). Employee energy and subjective well-being: a moderated mediation model. The Service Industries Journal, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1563072

Caesens, G., Stinglhamber, F., Demoulin, S., & De Wilde, M. (2017). Perceived organizational support and employees’ well-being: The mediating role of organizational dehumanization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1319817

Cai, Z., Huo, Y., Lan, J., Chen, Z., & Lam, W. (2019). When do frontline hospitality employees take charge? Prosocial motivation, taking charge, and job performance: The moderating role of job autonomy. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 60(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965518797081

Chordiya, R., Sabharwal, M., & Goodman, D. (2017). Affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A cross‐national comparative study. Public Administration, 95(1), 178–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12306

Crant, J. M. (1995). The proactive personality scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 532–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.532

Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304

Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1<63::AID-JOB8>3.0.CO;2-J

Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Victor, B. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: A two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025089819456

De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nauta, A. (2009). Self-interest and other-orientation in organizational behaviour: Implications for job performance, prosocial behaviour, and personal initiative. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 913–926. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014494

Dikkers, J. S., Jansen, P. G., de Lange, A. H., Vinkenburg, C. J., & Kooij, D. (2010). Proactivity, job characteristics, and engagement: a longitudinal study. Career Development International, 15(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431011020899

Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1026–1040. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1026

Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812

Erum, H., Abid, G., Contreras, F., & Islam, T. (2020). Role of family motivation, workplace civility and self-efficacy in developing affective commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(1), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010027

Fazio, J., Gong, B., Sims, R., & Yurova, Y. (2017). The role of affective commitment in the relationship between social support and turnover intention. Management Decision, 55(3), 512–525. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2016-0338

Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827–844. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.827

Gigliotti, R., Vardaman, J., Marshall, D. R., & Gonzalez, K. (2019). The role of perceived organizational support in individual change readiness. Journal of Change Management, 19(2), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2018.1459784

Glazer, S., & Kruse, B. (2008). The role of organizational commitment in occupational stress models. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(4), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013135

Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623

Grant, A. M. (2007). Relational job design and the motivation to make a prosocial difference. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159308

Grant, A. M. (2008a). The significance of task significance: Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.108

Grant, A. M. (2008b). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48

Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behaviour, 28, 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002

Grant, A. M. & Berg, J. M. (2010). Prosocial motivation at work: When, why, and how making a difference makes a difference. In K. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 28–44). Oxford University Press.

Grant, A. M., & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215085

Grant, A. M., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Good soldiers and good actors: prosocial and impression management motives as interactive predictors of affiliative citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 900–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013770

Grant, A. M., & Sumanth, J. J. (2009). Mission possible? The performance of prosocially motivated employees depends on manager trustworthiness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 927–944. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014391

Hakkak, M., & Ghodsi, M. (2013). Investigating the relation between job satisfaction, perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. International Journal of Management and Humanity Sciences, 2(6), 513–520.

Haque, A., Fernando, M., & Caputi, P. (2019). Responsible leadership, affective commitment and intention to quit: an individual level analysis. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2017-0397

Harris, K. J., & Kacmar, K. M. (2018). Is more always better? An examination of the nonlinear effects of perceived organizational support on individual outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1324394

Harrison-Walker, L. J. (2001). The measurement of word-of-mouth communication and an investigation of service quality and customer commitment as potential antecedents. Journal of Service Research, 4(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050141006

Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Conditional process modeling: Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course, 2, 217–264.

Hendryadi, Suratna, Suryani, & Purwanto, B. (2019). Bureaucratic culture, empowering leadership, affective commitment, and knowledge sharing behaviour in Indonesian government public services. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), 1680099. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1680099

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Hua, J., Zheng, L., Zhang, G., & Fan, J. (2019). Proactive personality and cross-cultural adjustment: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 72, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.06.003

Jang, J., & Kandampully, J. (2018). Reducing employee turnover intention through servant leadership in the restaurant context: A mediation study of affective organizational commitment. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 19(2), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1305310

Jiang, Z. (2017). Proactive personality and career adaptability: The role of thriving at work. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 98, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.10.003

Jiang, L., & Johnson, M. J. (2018). Meaningful work and affective commitment: A moderated mediation model of positive work reflection and work centrality. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(4), 545–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9509-6

Joo, B. K., & Ready, K. J. (2012). Career satisfaction: The influences of proactive personality, performance goal orientation, organizational learning culture, and leader-member exchange quality. Career Development International, 17(3), 276–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211241090

Kibler, E., Wincent, J., Kautonen, T., Cacciotti, G., & Obschonka, M. (2018). Can prosocial motivation harm entrepreneurs’ subjective well-being? Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 608–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.10.003

Kim, T., Hon, A. H. Y., & Crant, J. M. (2009). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9094-4

Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2019). Empowering leadership: leading people to be present through affective organizational commitment? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1424017

Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/256874

Ko, S., & Choi, Y. (2020). The effects of compassion experienced by SME employees on affective commitment: Double-mediation of authenticity and positive emotion. Management Science Letters, 10(6), 1351–1358. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.11.022

Koçak, D. (2020). The relationship between political behaviour perception and prosocial motivationMediating role of organizational trust. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(1), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i1.1393

Kooij, D. T., & Boon, C. (2018). Perceptions of HR practices, person–organisation fit, and affective commitment: The moderating role of career stage. Human Resource Management Journal, 28(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12164

Korsgaard, M. A., Meglino, B. M., & Lester, S. W. (1997). Beyond helping: Do other-oriented values have broader implications in organizations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(1), 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.160

Kuo, C. C., Ye, Y. C., Chen, M. Y., & Chen, L. H. (2019). Proactive personality enhances change in employees’ job satisfaction: The moderating role of psychological safety. Australian Journal of Management, 44(3), 482–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896218818225

Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2015). Perceived organizational support: A Meta analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554

Lee, S. H., Lee, T. W., & Lum, C. F. (2008). The effects of employee services on organizational commitment and intentions to quit. Personnel Review, 37(2), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480810850551

Lee, Y. H., Woo, B., & Kim, Y. (2018). Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behaviour: Mediating role of affective commitment. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(3), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117725286

Li, T. A. O., & Huan, G. U. O. (2019). The Relationship between perceived organizational support and individual innovative behaviour: The mediate effect of ideal commitment. In DEStech Transactions on Economics, Business and Management.

Lv, A., Lv, R., Xu, H., Ning, Y., & Ning, Y. (2018). Team autonomy amplifies the positive effects of proactive personality on work engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(7), 1071–1082. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6830

Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the big five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 927–935. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.927

Malatesta, R. M. & Tetrick, L. E., (1996). Understanding the dynamics of organizational and supervisory commitment. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Society, San Diego, CA.

Marcus, B., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. 2007. Personality dimensions explaining relationships between integrity tests and counterproductive behaviour: Big five, or one in addition? Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00063.x

Marques, J. M. R., La Falce, J. L., Marques, F. M. F. R., De Muylder, C. F., & Silva, J. T. M. (2019). The relationship between organizational commitment, knowledge transfer and knowledge management maturity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(3), 489–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2018-0199

Meglino, B. M., & Ravlin, E. C. (1998). Individual values in organizations: Concepts, controversies, and research. Journal of Management, 24(3), 351–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639802400304

Meglino, B. M., & Korsgaard, A. (2004). Considering rational self-interest as a disposition: Organizational implications of other orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 946–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.946

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application. Sage.

Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X

Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842

Miao, R. T. (2011). Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, task performance and organizational citizenship behaviour in China. Journal of Behavioural and Applied Management, 12(2), 105–127.

Miao, R., & Kim, H. G. (2010). Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and employee performance: An Chinese empirical study. Journal of Service Science and Management, 3(2), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2010.32032

Mohamed, A., & Ali, M. (2015). The influence of perceived organizational support on employees’ job performance. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(4), 1–6.

Mowday, R. T., & Sutton, R. I. (1993). Organizational behaviour: Linking individuals and groups to organizational contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 195–229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001211

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 14(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1

Murthy, R. K. (2017). Perceived organizational support and work engagement. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(5), 738–740.

Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behaviour: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2827-6

Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2013). Age and innovation‐related behaviour: The joint moderating effects of supervisor undermining and proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 34(5), 583–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1802

Nelissen, P. T., Hülsheger, U. R., van Ruitenbeek, G. M., & Zijlstra, F. R. (2016). Lending a helping hand at work: A multilevel investigation of prosocial motivation, inclusive climate and inclusive behaviour. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 27(3), 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-016-9680-z

Ong, J. F. B., Tan, J. M. T., Villareal, R. F. C., & Chiu, J. L. (2019). Impact of quality work life and prosocial motivation on the organizational commitment and turnover intent of public health practitioners. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 8, 24–43.

Otaye-Ebede, L., Shaffakat, S., & Foster, S. (2019). A multilevel model examining the relationships between workplace spirituality, ethical climate and outcomes: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04133-8

Oxford English Dictionary Online. (2009). Retrieved February 20, 2010, from library.upenn.edu

Oyinlade, A. O. (2018). Relations of job structure to affective organizational commitment. Journal of Human Resources Management and Labor Studies, 6(1), 13–32.

Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: the roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of applied psychology, 83(6), 835–852. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835

Parker, S. K., & Sprigg, C. A. (1999). Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: the role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 925–939. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.925

Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310363732

Perlow, L. A., Gittell, J. H., & Katz, N. (2004).Contextualization patterns of work group interaction: toward a nested theory of structuration. Organization Science, 15, 520–536. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0097

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioural research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698

Rioux, S. M., & Penner, L. A. (2001). The causes of organizational citizenship behavior: A motivational analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1306–1314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1306

Roberts, Z., Rogers, A., Thomas, C. L., & Spitzmueller, C. (2018). Effects of proactive personality and conscientiousness on training motivation. International Journal of Training and Development, 22(2), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12122

Rockstuhl, T., Eisenberger, R., Shore, L. M., Kurtessis, J. N., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., & Mesdaghinia, S. (2020). Perceived organizational support (POS) across 54 nations: A cross-cultural meta-analysis of POS effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00311-3

Rodrigues, N., & Rebelo, T. (2019). Predicting innovative performance through proactive personality: Examining its criterion validity and incremental validity over the five‐factor model. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 27(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12232

Rofcanin, Y., de Jong, J. P., Las Heras, M., & Kim, S. (2018). The moderating role of prosocial motivation on the association between family-supportive supervisor behaviours and employee outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 107, 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.04.001

Sayğan, F. N. (2011). Relationship between affective commitment and organizational silence: A conceptual discussion. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 3(2), 219–227.

Seibert, S. E., Crant, J. M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416

Shao, B., Cardona, P., Ng, I., & Trau, R. N. (2017). Are prosocially motivated employees more committed to their organization? The roles of supervisors’ prosocial motivation and perceived corporate social responsibility. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 34(4), 951–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-017-9512-5

Shao, D., Zhou, E., Gao, P., Long, L., & Xiong, J. (2019). Double-edged effects of socially responsible human resource management on employee task performance and organizational citizenship behaviour: Mediating by role ambiguity and moderating by prosocial motivation. Sustainability, 11(8), 2271. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082271

Sharma, J., & Dhar, R. L. (2016). Factors influencing job performance of nursing staff: mediating role of affective commitment. Personnel Review, 45(1), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2014-0007

Škerlavaj, M., Connelly, C. E., Cerne, M., & Dysvik, A. (2018). Tell me if you can: time pressure, prosocial motivation, perspective taking, and knowledge hiding. Journal of Knowledge Management, 22(7), 1489–1509. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2017-0179

ST-Hilaire, W. A., & de la Robertie, C. (2018). Correlates of affective commitment in organizational performance: Multi-level perspectives. Australian Journal of Career Development, 27(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416217744215

Sparrowe, R. T., Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2001). Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 316–326. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069458

Tisu, L., Lupșa, D., Vîrgă, D., & Rusu, A. (2020). Personality characteristics, job performance and mental health the mediating role of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 153, 109644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109644

Voet, J., Steijn, B., & Kuipers, B. S. (2017). What’s in it for others? The relationship between prosocial motivation and commitment to change among youth care professionals. Public Management Review, 19(4), 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2016.1183699

Wang, S., Li, Y., & Tu, Y. (2019). Linking proactive personality to life satisfaction in the chinese context: The mediation of interpersonal trust and moderation of positive reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(8), 2471–2488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0056-2

Wijaya, N. H. S. (2018). Proactive personality, LMX, and voice behaviour: Employee–supervisor sex (Dis) similarity as a Moderator. Management Communication Quarterly, 33(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318918804890

Yang, J., Gong, Y., & Huo, Y. (2011). Proactive personality, social capital, helping, and turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(8), 739–760. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941111181806

Zhang, L., Lu, H., & Li, F. (2018). Proactive personality and mental health: The role of job crafting. PsyCh Journal, 7(3), 154–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.214

Zhang, Z., Wang, M., & Shi, J. Q. (2012). Leader-follower congruence in proactive personality and work outcomes: The mediating role of leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0865

Zhu, Y., & Akhtar, S. (2014). How transformational leadership influences follower helping behaviour: The role of trust and prosocial motivation. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 35(3), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1884