Potential of MSWI bottom ash to be used as aggregate in road building materials
Abstract
In the European Union, more than 140 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is incinerated annually. It generates about 30–40 million tonnes of residues known as municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash, which is typically landfilled. To deal with growing landfills, there is a need to utilize municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a building material. It has been known that municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash properties strongly depend on waste composition, which is directly influenced by people’s habits, economic policy, and technologies for metals recovery of bottom ash. Thus, municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash produced in a specific country or region has primarily to be tested to determine its physical and mechanical properties. The main aim of this study is to determine municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash physical and mechanical properties (aggregate particle size distribution, water content, oven-dried particle density, loose bulk density, Proctor density, optimal water content, California Bearing Ratio after and before soaking, permeability, Flakiness Index, Shape Index, percentage of crushed and broken surfaces, resistance to fragmentation (Los Angeles coefficient), water absorption and resistance to freezing and thawing). Municipal solid waste in-cinerator bottom ash produced in the waste-to-energy plant in Klaipėda (Lithuania) was used in this research. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals were separated after more than three months of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash ageing in the atmosphere. The study showed promising results from considering municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as possible aggregates for road building materials.
Keyword : bottom ash, municipal solid waste, municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), physical and mechanical properties, road-building material
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Alhassan, H. M., & Tanko, A. M. (2012). Characterization of solid waste incinerator bottom ash and the potential for its use. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(4), 516-522.
An, J., et al. (2014). Evaluating the use of waste-to-energy bottom ash as road construction materials. Report No. BDK78-977-20. Orlando: University of Central Florida.
Arm, M. (2003). Mechanical properties of residues as unbound road materials: Doctoral thesis. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology.
Bayuseno, A. P., & Schmahl, W. W. (2010). Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Management, 30(8/9), 1509-1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.010
Bakker, E. J., Muchová, L., & Rem, P. C. (2007). Economic recovery of precious metals from MSWI bottom ash. 1st International Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning and Economics (CEMEPE 2007) (pp. 1-5). Skiathos Island, Greece.
Baun, D., Kamuk, B., & Avanzi, P. (2007). Treatment of bottom ash from waste to energy plants: overview and experiences. 11th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium (pp. 1-5). October, Cagliari.
Becquart, F., Bernard, F., Abriak, N.-E., & Zentar, R. (2009). Monotonic aspects of the mechanical behaviour of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration and its potential use for road construction. Waste Management, 29(4), 1320-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.019
Chandler, A. J., et al. (1997). Municipal solid waste incinerator residues. Studies in Environmental Science, 67, 1-974.
Chimenos, J., Segarra, M., Fernández, M. A., & Espiell, F. (1999). Characterization of the bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerator. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 64(3), 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00246-5
de Vries, W., & Rem, P. C. (2013). ADR: a classifier for fine moist materials. In V. Gente & F. La Marca (Eds.), Separating pro-environment technologies for waste treatment, soil and sediments remediation (pp. 43-58). Sharjah, UAE: Bentham Science Publishers. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/104898/volume/1
de Vries, W., Rem, P. C., & Berkhout, S. P. M. (2009). ADR: A new method for dry classification. ISWA International Conference, Lisbon, 12–15 October 2009. Retrieved from http://www.iswa2009.org/homepage.aspx
del Valle-Zermeño, R., Chimenos, J. M., Giró-Paloma, J., & Formosa, J. (2014). Use of weathered and fresh bottom ash mix layers as a subbase in road constructions: environmental behavior enhancement by means of a retaining barrier. Chemosphere, 117(1), 402-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.095
Forteza, R., Far, M., Seguí, C., & Cerdá, V. (2004). Characterization of bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerators for its use in road base. Waste Management, 24(9), 899-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.004
Grosso, M., Biganzoli, L., & Rigamonti, L. (2011). A quantitative estimate of potential aluminium recovery from incineration bottom ashes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(12), 1178-1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.08.001
Hassan, H. F., & Al-Shamsi, K. (2010). Characterisation of asphalt mixes containing MSW ash using the Dynamic Modulus | E *| test. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 11(6), 575-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2010.501865
Heinrichs, S., Bastian, W., Alexander, F., & Thomas, P. (2012). Recovery of nf-metals from bottom ash’s fine fraction – state-of-the-art in Germany. 4th International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste (pp. 12-15), November 2012. San Servolo, Venice, Italy.
Hjelmar, O., Holm, J., & Crillesen, K. (2007). Utilisation of MSWI bottom ash as sub-base in road construction: first results from a large-scale test site. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139(3), 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.059
ISWA. (2006). Management of bottom ash from WTE plants. Copenhagen: ISWA.
Izquiedro, M., et al. (2001). Use of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration as a road material. International Ash Utilization Symposium (pp. 1-8). Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky.
Lam, C. H. K., Ip, A. W. M., Barford, J. P., & McKay, G. (2010). Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability, 2(7), 1943-1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2071943
LST CEN ISO/TS 17892-11 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Laboratory testing of soil – Part 11: Determination of permeability by constant and falling head.
LST EN 1097-2 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation.
LST EN 1097-3 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 3: Determination of loose bulk density and voids.
LST EN 1097-5 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 5: Determination of the water content by drying in a ventilated oven.
LST EN 13286-2 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures – Part 2: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content – Proctor compaction.
LST EN 13286-47 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures – Part 47: Test method for the determination of California bearing ratio, immediate bearing index and linear swelling.
LST EN 1367-1 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates – Part 1: Determination of resistance to freezing and thawing and German method.
LST EN 933-3 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates – Part 3: Determination of particle shape –Flakiness index.
LST EN 933-4 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates – Part 4: Determination of particle shape – Shape index.
LST EN 933-5 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates – Part 5: Determination of percentage of crushed and broken surfaces in coarse aggregate particles.
LST EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption.
Morf, L. S., et al. (2013). Precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – sources and fate in a Swiss Incineration plant. Waste Management, 33(3), 634-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.010
Müller, U., & Rübner, K. (2006). The microstructure of concrete made with municipal waste incinerator bottom ash as an aggregate component. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(8), 1434-1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.023
Ogunro, V. O., Inyang, H. I., Hooper, F., Young, D., & Oturkar, A. (2004). Gradation control of bottom ash aggregate in superpave bituminous mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(6), 604-613. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:6(604)
Paine, K. A., Dhir, R. K., Doran, V. P. A. (2002). Incinerator bottom ash: engineering and environmental properties as a cement bound paving material. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 3(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430290023458
Pecqueur, G., Crignon, C., & Quénée, B. (2001). Behaviour of cement-treated MSWI bottom ash. Waste Management, 21(3), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0713-2743(00)80065-3
Qiao, X. C., Tyrer, M., Poon, C. S., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2008). Novel cementitious materials produced from incinerator bottom ash. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(3), 496-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.003
Sabbas, T., et al. (2003). Management of municipal solid waste incineration residues. Waste Management, 23(1), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00161-7
Sorlini, S., Abbà, A., & Collivignarelli, C. (2011). Recovery of MSWI and soil washing residues as concrete aggregates. Waste Management, 31(2), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.019
Speiser, C., Baumann, T., & Niessner, R. (2000). Morphological and chemical characterization of calcium-hydrate phases formed in alteration processes of deposited municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(23), 5030-5037. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990739c
Triffault-Bouchet, G., Clément, B., & Blake, G. (2005). Ecotoxicological assessment of pollutant flux released from bottomash reused in road construction. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 8(4), 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980500457724
Wei, Y., et al. (2011). Mineralogical characterization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash with an emphasis on heavy metal-bearing phases. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187(1-3), 534-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.070
Xie, R., et al. (2017). Assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as a potential road material. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(4), 992-998. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1206483
An, J., et al. (2014). Evaluating the use of waste-to-energy bottom ash as road construction materials. Report No. BDK78-977-20. Orlando: University of Central Florida.
Arm, M. (2003). Mechanical properties of residues as unbound road materials: Doctoral thesis. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology.
Bayuseno, A. P., & Schmahl, W. W. (2010). Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Management, 30(8/9), 1509-1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.010
Bakker, E. J., Muchová, L., & Rem, P. C. (2007). Economic recovery of precious metals from MSWI bottom ash. 1st International Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning and Economics (CEMEPE 2007) (pp. 1-5). Skiathos Island, Greece.
Baun, D., Kamuk, B., & Avanzi, P. (2007). Treatment of bottom ash from waste to energy plants: overview and experiences. 11th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium (pp. 1-5). October, Cagliari.
Becquart, F., Bernard, F., Abriak, N.-E., & Zentar, R. (2009). Monotonic aspects of the mechanical behaviour of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration and its potential use for road construction. Waste Management, 29(4), 1320-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.019
Chandler, A. J., et al. (1997). Municipal solid waste incinerator residues. Studies in Environmental Science, 67, 1-974.
Chimenos, J., Segarra, M., Fernández, M. A., & Espiell, F. (1999). Characterization of the bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerator. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 64(3), 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00246-5
de Vries, W., & Rem, P. C. (2013). ADR: a classifier for fine moist materials. In V. Gente & F. La Marca (Eds.), Separating pro-environment technologies for waste treatment, soil and sediments remediation (pp. 43-58). Sharjah, UAE: Bentham Science Publishers. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/104898/volume/1
de Vries, W., Rem, P. C., & Berkhout, S. P. M. (2009). ADR: A new method for dry classification. ISWA International Conference, Lisbon, 12–15 October 2009. Retrieved from http://www.iswa2009.org/homepage.aspx
del Valle-Zermeño, R., Chimenos, J. M., Giró-Paloma, J., & Formosa, J. (2014). Use of weathered and fresh bottom ash mix layers as a subbase in road constructions: environmental behavior enhancement by means of a retaining barrier. Chemosphere, 117(1), 402-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.095
Forteza, R., Far, M., Seguí, C., & Cerdá, V. (2004). Characterization of bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerators for its use in road base. Waste Management, 24(9), 899-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.004
Grosso, M., Biganzoli, L., & Rigamonti, L. (2011). A quantitative estimate of potential aluminium recovery from incineration bottom ashes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(12), 1178-1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.08.001
Hassan, H. F., & Al-Shamsi, K. (2010). Characterisation of asphalt mixes containing MSW ash using the Dynamic Modulus | E *| test. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 11(6), 575-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2010.501865
Heinrichs, S., Bastian, W., Alexander, F., & Thomas, P. (2012). Recovery of nf-metals from bottom ash’s fine fraction – state-of-the-art in Germany. 4th International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste (pp. 12-15), November 2012. San Servolo, Venice, Italy.
Hjelmar, O., Holm, J., & Crillesen, K. (2007). Utilisation of MSWI bottom ash as sub-base in road construction: first results from a large-scale test site. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139(3), 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.059
ISWA. (2006). Management of bottom ash from WTE plants. Copenhagen: ISWA.
Izquiedro, M., et al. (2001). Use of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration as a road material. International Ash Utilization Symposium (pp. 1-8). Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky.
Lam, C. H. K., Ip, A. W. M., Barford, J. P., & McKay, G. (2010). Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability, 2(7), 1943-1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2071943
LST CEN ISO/TS 17892-11 Geotechnical investigation and testing – Laboratory testing of soil – Part 11: Determination of permeability by constant and falling head.
LST EN 1097-2 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation.
LST EN 1097-3 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 3: Determination of loose bulk density and voids.
LST EN 1097-5 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 5: Determination of the water content by drying in a ventilated oven.
LST EN 13286-2 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures – Part 2: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content – Proctor compaction.
LST EN 13286-47 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures – Part 47: Test method for the determination of California bearing ratio, immediate bearing index and linear swelling.
LST EN 1367-1 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates – Part 1: Determination of resistance to freezing and thawing and German method.
LST EN 933-3 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates – Part 3: Determination of particle shape –Flakiness index.
LST EN 933-4 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates – Part 4: Determination of particle shape – Shape index.
LST EN 933-5 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates – Part 5: Determination of percentage of crushed and broken surfaces in coarse aggregate particles.
LST EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption.
Morf, L. S., et al. (2013). Precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – sources and fate in a Swiss Incineration plant. Waste Management, 33(3), 634-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.010
Müller, U., & Rübner, K. (2006). The microstructure of concrete made with municipal waste incinerator bottom ash as an aggregate component. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(8), 1434-1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.023
Ogunro, V. O., Inyang, H. I., Hooper, F., Young, D., & Oturkar, A. (2004). Gradation control of bottom ash aggregate in superpave bituminous mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(6), 604-613. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:6(604)
Paine, K. A., Dhir, R. K., Doran, V. P. A. (2002). Incinerator bottom ash: engineering and environmental properties as a cement bound paving material. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 3(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430290023458
Pecqueur, G., Crignon, C., & Quénée, B. (2001). Behaviour of cement-treated MSWI bottom ash. Waste Management, 21(3), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0713-2743(00)80065-3
Qiao, X. C., Tyrer, M., Poon, C. S., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2008). Novel cementitious materials produced from incinerator bottom ash. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(3), 496-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.003
Sabbas, T., et al. (2003). Management of municipal solid waste incineration residues. Waste Management, 23(1), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00161-7
Sorlini, S., Abbà, A., & Collivignarelli, C. (2011). Recovery of MSWI and soil washing residues as concrete aggregates. Waste Management, 31(2), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.019
Speiser, C., Baumann, T., & Niessner, R. (2000). Morphological and chemical characterization of calcium-hydrate phases formed in alteration processes of deposited municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(23), 5030-5037. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990739c
Triffault-Bouchet, G., Clément, B., & Blake, G. (2005). Ecotoxicological assessment of pollutant flux released from bottomash reused in road construction. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 8(4), 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980500457724
Wei, Y., et al. (2011). Mineralogical characterization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash with an emphasis on heavy metal-bearing phases. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187(1-3), 534-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.070
Xie, R., et al. (2017). Assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as a potential road material. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(4), 992-998. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1206483